{"dataset":"residence-by-investment","resource":"programmes","page":1,"pages":1,"total":143,"page_size":5000,"next":null,"prev":null,"rows":[{"program_id":"aia-rbi","jurisdiction":"AIA","name":"Anguilla Residence by Investment (Anguilla Economic Residence Act 2019)","kind":"residency","launched":"2019-06-03","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence through approved real estate (US$750,000 for a family of four, 5-year hold) or a contribution to the Capital Development Fund (US$150,000 single applicant; not usable until the fund was set up, after December 2022). Run by the Select Anguilla Agency through authorised agents. A retroactive route covered owners of property bought before 31 May 2019 (US$500,000-750,000 depending on purchase date). The same Act offers tax residence (US$75,000 a year). An amending Act and Regulations were passed in 2024 (not retrieved). Permanent residence does not give Belonger status; naturalisation needs years of residence. No counts found.","source_ids":"aia-aera-act-rev-2022;aia-aera-regs-rev-2022;aia-exco-minutes-2022-12-08;aia-mof-arbi-presentation-2018","short_name":"Residence by investment"},{"program_id":"alb-strategic-investor-pr","jurisdiction":"ALB","name":"Albania permanent residence for strategic investors (Law 79/2021 art. 91.2)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Permanent residence for a foreigner who has made an investment in strategic sectors (value and employment as set in the strategic-investment legislation, not stored), with family and up to 5 key staff. In scope under METHODOLOGY 15 as an investor route whose amount is set elsewhere (amount unset).","source_ids":"alb-asp-law79-2021-consol-2025","short_name":"Albania permanent residence for strategic investors (Law 79/2021 art. 91.2)"},{"program_id":"and-passive-residence","jurisdiction":"AND","name":"Andorra residence without gainful activity by investment in Andorran assets (residència sense activitat lucrativa, \"passive residence\"; Llei 9/2012 qualificada d’immigració, arts. 95-96)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-06-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Launched by Llei 9/2012 (approved 31 May 2012), in force on publication in BOPA no. 30 of 27 June 2012: the main holder must invest at least EUR 400,000 in Andorran property, company shares, debt or financial instruments of Andorran entities, Andorran public debt or unremunerated deposits, including a EUR 50,000 unremunerated deposit (EUR 10,000 per dependant) with the INAF, and live in Andorra at least 90 days a year without working. Earlier passive-residence laws (1995 law, Llei 17/2006) required means and a guarantee deposit but no investment; they were repealed by Llei 9/2012 and were not stored. Restated in 2018 (Llei 10/2018). An intermediate rise to EUR 600,000 reported by industry sources was not found in an official text. Llei 2/2026, del 22 de gener (named in the stored Govern form), changed these rules; the stored committee report on the bill gives EUR 1,000,000 (EUR 400,000 if put into the Housing Fund) and non-refundable payments of EUR 50,000/12,000, but the enacted text as published in the BOPA is not stored, so no 2026 rules are recorded yet. No official count of passive-residence permits was found (the statistics office’s permit bulletins do not separate them).","source_ids":"and-bopa-llei-10-2018;and-bopa-llei-9-2012;and-cg-informe-comissio-pl-creixement-2026;and-govern-t2g005-2026","short_name":"Andorra residence without gainful activity by investment in Andorran assets (residència sense activitat lucrativa, \"passive residence\"; Llei 9/2012 qualificada d’immigració, arts. 95-96)"},{"program_id":"are-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"ARE","name":"UAE Golden Visa (الإقامة الذهبية - golden residence; long-term residence for investors, entrepreneurs and talents)","kind":"residency","launched":"2019-02-03","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Long-term residence without a sponsor. Created by Cabinet Resolution 56/2018 (in force 3 Feb 2019; permits issued from 21 May 2019): investors AED 10 million (10 years) or AED 5 million in property (5 years). Replaced by Cabinet Resolution 8/2021 (text not found), then by the annex to Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 (in force 3 Oct 2022): 10-year permits, AED 2 million in property, bank deposit or company share, or AED 250,000 a year in taxes. Issued by ICP federally and by GDRFA in Dubai. Gives no path to citizenship: there is no residence period that leads to naturalisation; citizenship is only by nomination (see are-citizenship-nomination). Official counts are press figures covering all golden-visa categories, mostly Dubai only; no investor-only series is published.","source_ids":"are-cabinet-res-56-2018;are-cabinet-res-65-2022;are-gdrfad-golden-investor-service;are-wam-exec-regs-2022","short_name":"Golden visa"},{"program_id":"are-green-residence-investor","jurisdiction":"ARE","name":"UAE green residence for investors and partners (الإقامة الخضراء للمستثمر أو الشريك; Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 art. 41)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-10-03","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Five-year residence permit, renewable, without a sponsor or employer, for a foreigner who comes to the UAE as an investor or partner in a commercial project (Cabinet Resolution 65/2022, the executive regulation of Federal Decree-Law 29/2021, arts. 33(2), 38(2), 39(2) and 41; issued 12 Jul 2022, in force 3 Oct 2022). Conditions: the Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs and Port Security (ICP) approves the investment under an investor classification system set by its chairman; the investment or partnership must reach the ratios set by a decision of the chairman (capital held in several licences is added up); and the local authority approves and licenses the activity. The regulation prints no amount and the chairman's decision is not stored, so no price is recorded. Holders may sponsor first-degree relatives, and their parents may be included. The government news agency WAM (18 Apr 2022) says it replaces an earlier investor residence valid for 2 years only; that earlier permit's start and terms are not in a stored document. launched is the in-force date of Res. 65/2022. Status active: the federal government portal (page updated 28 Jul 2026) lists investors and business partners among green visa categories, and GDRFA Dubai runs a live application service (Oct 2026). Dubai's service conditions require the investor's or partner's paid share to be at least AED 1 million, with an AED 200 entry-visa fee plus VAT; this is the Dubai condition, as the ICP chairman's federal decision is still not stored. No counts of green residence permits for investors were found.","source_ids":"are-cabinet-res-65-2022;are-gdrfad-green-investor-service-2026;are-uae-portal-green-visa-2026;are-wam-exec-regs-2022","short_name":"UAE green residence for investors and partners (الإقامة الخضراء للمستثمر أو الشريك; Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 art. 41)"},{"program_id":"are-retiree-residence","jurisdiction":"ARE","name":"UAE residence for retired foreigners with property or deposit (تصريح إقامة الأجنبي المتقاعد; Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 arts. 51-52)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-10-03","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Five-year renewable residence without a sponsor for a retired foreigner who worked at least 15 years before retiring (in or outside the UAE) or is at least 55, and who owns UAE property worth at least AED 1,000,000 (purchase or market value, as valued by the emirate's competent authority; mortgaged property counts if at least AED 1,000,000 of the mortgage has been paid off) or holds a deposit of at least AED 1,000,000, moved to a UAE financial institution within 60 days of the permit unless invested in the UAE (Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 arts. 34(3), 46, 51-52; in force 3 Oct 2022). The same article also accepts a fixed annual income of at least AED 240,000 instead of property or deposit; that option rests on income and is recorded only as one of this permit's rules (METHODOLOGY decision 15). No stored document shows whether a retiree permit existed before this regulation, so launched (the regulation's in-force date) may be later than the first retiree permit. Out of scope and not recorded: the separate residence for property owners on a monthly income of AED 10,000 with no property minimum (art. 53; decision 15). Status active: the federal government portal (page updated 28 Jul 2026) describes the retirement visa and links to live ICP and GDRFA Dubai application services. The portal words the property condition as property of AED 1 million and savings of AED 1 million (the regulation says either), and gives an income alternative of AED 180,000 a year (AED 240,000 in Dubai); both recorded as printed. No counts found.","source_ids":"are-cabinet-res-65-2022;are-uae-portal-retired-visa-2026","short_name":"UAE residence for retired foreigners with property or deposit (تصريح إقامة الأجنبي المتقاعد; Cabinet Resolution 65/2022 arts. 51-52)"},{"program_id":"arg-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"ARG","name":"Argentina temporary residence as investor (residencia temporaria, subcategoría inversionista: Ley de Migraciones 25.871 art. 23; Decreto 616/2010, Anexo art. 23 d)","kind":"residency","launched":"2010-05-03","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Temporary residence for a foreigner making a productive, commercial or service investment of interest to the country of at least ARS 1,500,000 (fixed in pesos in the 2010 decree), with proof of the lawful origin of the funds and their entry through banks authorised by the central bank, and a non-binding opinion of the industry ministry on the project. Distinct from the 2025 citizenship-by-investment route (arg-cbi). launched is the date the regulatory decree was signed (Bs. As., 3/5/2010): the decree came into force 60 days after its publication in the Boletín Oficial, and the publication date is not in the stored text. The subcategory exists in the 2004 law. No official counts found; later changes to the amount not found in this pass.","source_ids":"arg-infoleg-dec616-2010","short_name":"Temporary investor residence"},{"program_id":"aus-biip","jurisdiction":"AUS","name":"Business Innovation and Investment Program (BIIP): Business Innovation and Investment (Provisional) visa subclass 188, (Permanent) subclass 888, Business Talent subclass 132","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-07-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2024-07-31","status":"closed","notes":"Umbrella programme for business and investor migrants under the Migration Regulations 1994. Provisional (subclass 188, four years; five years from July 2021) then permanent residence (888) if conditions are met; Australian citizenship can follow after the usual residence requirement for permanent residents. Streams over time: Business Innovation, Investor (AUD1.5m bonds 2012-2021; AUD2.5m complying investment 2021-2024), Significant Investor (see aus-siv), Premium Investor (2015-2021, AUD15m, not researched here), Entrepreneur, Business Talent, Venture Capital Entrepreneur. Most applicants needed state/territory nomination. Closed to new applications in July 2024 (1 July per the 2024-25 Migration Program report, 31 July per the visa website); on-hand applications still processed. Programme numbers are Migration Program places, primary and secondary applicants together.","source_ids":"aus-dha-biip-discussion-paper-2019;aus-dha-biip-review-findings-2020;aus-dha-immi-biip-closure-2026;aus-dha-mp-report-2024-25","short_name":"Business Innovation and Investment visa"},{"program_id":"aus-business-skills-investor","jurisdiction":"AUS","name":"Pre-2012 Business Skills investor visas: Investor (Provisional) subclass 162, State/Territory Sponsored Investor (Provisional) subclass 165, State/Territory Sponsored Business Investor (Residence) subclass 893","kind":"residency","launched":"2003-03-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2012-07-01","status":"closed","notes":"Investor visas of the Business Skills programme (first version established in 1992, per a 2016 Home Affairs FOI release), replaced by the Business Innovation and Investment Program (aus-biip) from 1 July 2012; the provisional visas are closed to most new applications (family members can still be added). Applicants made a 'designated investment' (state or territory government bonds) for four years, then could apply for permanent residence (892/893). Investment thresholds over time not yet sourced. Only tail-end grants appear in the Migration Program data from 2015-16.","source_ids":"aus-dha-bp0068-2025;aus-dha-foi-160600956-2016;aus-dha-immi-repealed-160-165-2026","short_name":"Older investor visas (pre-2012)"},{"program_id":"aus-piv","jurisdiction":"AUS","name":"Premium Investor visa: Premium Investor stream of the Business Innovation and Investment visa (subclass 188 provisional, 888 permanent)","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-07-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2021-06-30","status":"closed","notes":"By-invitation stream within aus-biip for people nominated by Austrade (no state nomination, no unsolicited expressions of interest) who made a complying premium investment of at least AUD15 million and held it for 12 months, after which they could apply for permanent residence (subclass 888 Premium Investor). Introduced 1 July 2015 alongside the revised Significant Investor rules; closed to new applications from 1 July 2021 after the BIIP review. Barely used: Home Affairs FOI releases show no applications or grants to 31 May 2017, fewer than five in 2018-19 and none from July 2019 to March 2020; the Migration Program data record a single primary grant (a Canadian national, 2018-19).","source_ids":"aus-aph-se14-445-2014;aus-dha-bp0068-2025;aus-dha-foi-160600956-2016;aus-dha-foi-170600834-2017;aus-dha-foi-200500111-2020;aus-dha-immi-piv-2019;aus-leg-lin21-041-es-2021","short_name":"Premium Investor visa"},{"program_id":"aus-siv","jurisdiction":"AUS","name":"Significant Investor visa (SIV): Significant Investor stream of the Business Innovation and Investment visa (subclass 188C provisional, 888C permanent)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-11-24","legal_basis":"","ended":"2024-07-31","status":"closed","notes":"A stream within aus-biip, kept as its own programme because it is the \"golden visa\" part. AUD5 million complying investment held for the provisional visa (four years; five from July 2021), with Complying Investment Framework rules from 1 July 2015 and revised ratios from 1 July 2021. No points test; nomination by a state/territory government or Austrade. For permanent residence (888) the investor had to spend 40 days a year in Australia, or the spouse 180 days. Permanent residents can later apply for citizenship under the normal residence rules. 2,264 primary SIVs were granted to 31 Oct 2019; most applicants were Chinese nationals. Closed to new applications 31 July 2024.","source_ids":"aus-dha-biip-discussion-paper-2019;aus-dha-bp0068-2025;aus-dha-immi-siv-stream-2026","short_name":"Significant Investor visa"},{"program_id":"aze-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"AZE","name":"Azerbaijan temporary and permanent residence by investment, real estate, deposit or securities (Migration Code arts. 45.1.2-45.1.3-2 and 52.1.2-52.1.5)","kind":"residency","launched":"2009","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The Migration Code (approved by Law No. 713-IVQ of 2 July 2013) grants temporary residence to foreigners who invest at least AZN 500,000 in the economy (permit up to 3 years, renewable for 3), own real estate (or bank funds) of at least AZN 100,000, hold a fixed-term bank deposit of AZN 100,000 or government securities of AZN 100,000 (securities ground added in 2023), and permanent residence for AZN 500,000 investment or AZN 200,000 in real estate, deposits or securities. The separate route for heads/majority founders of foreign-invested companies (paid-up company capital of AZN 50,000 or 100,000 since 16 January 2024) is a threshold on a company's money, out of scope under decision 15 (refined), and not recorded. An earlier English text (file dated 2018) already has the AZN 500,000 and AZN 100,000 grounds; the date these grounds were introduced was not established (the Code's amendment footnotes are not in the stored files), so launched was empty until the 2026-10-10 launch-date pass: the State Migration Service dates Cabinet Decision 102 (which set the investment amount) to 30 June 2009 (decision date, not an in-force date; the decision text is behind a bot check), so launched is the year 2009. No official counts found.","source_ids":"aze-family-migration-code-en-2018;aze-sms-migration-code-en;aze-sms-news-2023-05-19;aze-sms-residence-page","short_name":"Azerbaijan temporary and permanent residence by investment, real estate, deposit or securities (Migration Code arts. 45.1.2-45.1.3-2 and 52.1.2-52.1.5)"},{"program_id":"bgr-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"BGR","name":"Bulgaria permanent residence for investors (Закон за чужденците в Република България, art. 25(1) items 6-8)","kind":"residency","launched":"2005","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent (not temporary) residence permit for foreigners who invest, e.g. BGN 1 million in concession rights, collective investment schemes or alternative investment funds, BGN 2 million in listed shares or in a certified priority project, or BGN 6 million in an unlisted company (amounts as in the consolidated law on 2 Oct 2026). It was the first step to citizenship under arts. 12a/14a until 2022 and still exists. Ordinary naturalisation after 5 years of permanent residence remains possible under the general rules (language test etc.). Launched: the year 2005, as given by the European Commission (2019); the 1998 law and the 2005 amending law were not found, so no exact date. Investor items date from 2005/2009 amendments. The Bulgarian Investment Agency certifies the investments: 981 persons certified 2014-Aug 2021 (both stages).","source_ids":"bgr-dnes-2021-08-09;bgr-lex-zchrb-2026;intl-ec-swd-2019-5","short_name":"Permanent residence for investors"},{"program_id":"bhr-golden-residency","jurisdiction":"BHR","name":"Golden Residency (الإقامة الذهبية)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-02-10","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"10-year renewable residence permit created by Minister of Interior Order No. 20 of 2022 (issued 10 Feb 2022; announced as launched on 7 Feb 2022 per the press). launched is the Order's date of issue: the Order comes into force on its publication in the Official Gazette (art. 13), and that publication date is not in a stored document. Categories: owners of property in Bahrain worth at least BHD 200,000 at purchase (cut to BHD 130,000 in November 2025), retirees with BHD 4,000 a month pension, long-serving employees (5 years, BHD 2,000 average salary) and retirees (15 years, BHD 2,000), and talents. Fee BHD 300 per person per 10-year permit (plus BHD 5 application fee now). Holder must be present at least 90 days a year. The property route is the only investment route. A separate 'platinum' residence (PM Resolution 47/2023) is for long-serving golden holders. No path to citizenship is stated. Official counts are press statements covering all categories together.","source_ids":"bhr-moi-order-20-2022;bhr-npra-golden-property;bhr-npra-golden-residency","short_name":"Golden Residency"},{"program_id":"bhs-epr","jurisdiction":"BHS","name":"Bahamas Economic Permanent Residence (economic permanent residence certificate, s.17A Immigration Act Ch. 191)","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-07-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Before July 2021, investors applied for ordinary permanent residence under the Immigration Act with administrative \"accelerated consideration\" for home buyers (US$500,000, raised to US$1.5m in 2011; a $750,000 real estate threshold applied by 2019-2021). Section 17A (in force 1 July 2021) made it statutory: a home and/or investment of a ministerially prescribed amount, 90 days' residence a year, investment kept 10 years. From 1 January 2025: $1 million in real estate or Central Bank zero coupon bonds for 10 years. Certificates are for life; right to work only in own business. Fees $25,000 (with right to work) or $20,000. Permanent residence does not lead to citizenship automatically. No official count of economic PR grants was found. Listed by the OECD in 2018 as potentially high-risk for CRS avoidance.","source_ids":"bhs-ag-imm-amend-bill-2024;bhs-doi-fee-scale-2026;bhs-moea-imm-amend-bill-2021;bhs-mof-budget-comm-2024","short_name":"Economic permanent residence"},{"program_id":"blr-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"BLR","name":"Belarus permanent residence permit for foreign investors (Law No. 105-З of 4 January 2010, art. 53)","kind":"residency","launched":"2010-07-21","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Article 53 of the Law on the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens and Stateless Persons lets foreigners who invested in Belarus at least fifteen thousand base units obtain a permanent residence permit without the usual five years of temporary residence. The Interior Ministry's migration head said in January 2024 (Interfax) that EUR 150,000 is the threshold and that 3-4 permits go to investors a year. The original 2010 wording, and when the investor ground and the base-unit threshold were introduced, were not read at first; launched 2010-07-21 is the in-force date of Law 105-Z of 2010 (EUR 150,000 investor ground), from the 2026-10-10 launch-date pass. The 1993 law it replaced was not read, so an earlier start can't be ruled out.","source_ids":"blr-etalon-law-105z-consol;blr-interfax-2024-01-19","short_name":"Belarus permanent residence permit for foreign investors (Law No. 105-З of 4 January 2010, art. 53)"},{"program_id":"bmu-eirc","jurisdiction":"BMU","name":"Economic Investment Residential Certificate (EIRC; Economic Investment Certificate and Residential Certificate policy until 31 March 2023)","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-03-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Ministerial policy under s.32(5) of the Bermuda Immigration and Protection Act 1956, not a separate statute. Investment of at least BD$2.5 million (real estate, new or existing business, charity, Sinking Fund, Trust Fund, other approved ventures; Government bonds until 9 June 2024). From 2021 to March 2023 investors first got a five-year Economic Investment Certificate, then could apply for a Residential Certificate; since 31 March 2023 the Residential Certificate (indefinite residence, automatic work approval for the investor's own business) is granted at once, subject to keeping the investment and spending 90 days a year in Bermuda for five years. Replaced the 2003 and 2015 Residential Certificate policies for wealthy retirees. Not a route to Bermudian status or citizenship by itself. Cumulative figures from the Ministry: 79 approved applications, 188 holders and $604.9m associated investment by 5 November 2025.","source_ids":"bmu-mel-eirc-600m-2025;bmu-mel-eirc-policy-2023;bmu-mel-ms-eic-2021;bmu-mel-ms-eirc-revision-2023","short_name":"Economic investment residential certificate"},{"program_id":"bra-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"BRA","name":"Brazil residence authorisation for investors (autorização de residência para investidor: Resolução Normativa CNIg 13/2017, business; RN 36/2018 as replaced by RN 46, real estate)","kind":"residency","launched":"2009","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Two routes under the 2017 Migration Law (Lei 13.445) and Decreto 9.199/2017, set by resolutions of the National Immigration Council (CNIg): investment of own foreign funds in a Brazilian company (R$150,000 under RN 84/2009; R$500,000 from RN 118/2015, kept by RN 13/2017) and purchase of urban residential property with foreign funds (RN 36/2018: R$1,000,000, R$700,000 in the North and Northeast; replaced by RN 46, which kept the amounts and per the Agência Gov release gives an initial authorisation of up to four years, renewable). Granted by the Ministry of Justice (CGIL). 252 business and 290 real-estate authorisations in 2025. Naturalisation follows general rules. Launch shown as 2009 (RN 84); earlier investor rules were not checked.","source_ids":"bra-agenciagov-imoveis-2024;bra-obmigra-cgil-2t2019;bra-obmigra-relatorio-anual-2025","short_name":"Investor residence permit"},{"program_id":"brb-serp","jurisdiction":"BRB","name":"Barbados Special Entry and Reside Permit (SERP)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Long-term or indefinite residence permit granted by varying permission to stay under s.13(3) of the Immigration Act, Cap. 190. According to practitioner sources (not confirmed officially): Category 1 for investors of US$2m with net worth over US$5m (with work permit eligibility); Category 2 for owners of US$300,000 of real estate (5-year renewable, indefinite from age 60). Launch date and legal instrument not found. Listed by the OECD in 2018 as potentially high-risk for CRS avoidance. No counts found.","source_ids":"brb-bizbarbados-serp-2025;brb-imm-sep-page-2026;intl-oecd-cbi-rbi-2018","short_name":"Special Entry and Reside Permit"},{"program_id":"can-iip","jurisdiction":"CAN","name":"Canada federal Immigrant Investor Program (Investor class, Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations ss. 88-109)","kind":"residency","launched":"1986","legal_basis":"","ended":"2014-06-19","status":"closed","notes":"Permanent residence (no conditions after arrival) for experienced business people who lent the federal government a fixed sum for five years without interest; the money was passed to participating provinces and territories and repaid. C$400,000 loan and C$800,000 net worth until 30 Nov 2010, then C$800,000 and C$1.6 million. Introduced 1986, redesigned 1 April 1999. Cap of 700 new applications a year from 1 July 2011; intake stopped 1 July 2012. Budget 2014 (11 Feb 2014) announced its end; section 87.5 IRPA (Economic Action Plan 2014 Act, No. 1, assent 19 June 2014) terminated every application not assessed before 11 Feb 2014 and ordered refunds (it did not apply to investors selected by Quebec). Ordinary naturalisation rules apply afterwards (no investor-specific route). The 2014 CIC evaluation found investor immigrants declared low incomes and paid little income tax, had the highest out-migration after 10 years, and that only about 30% of the loan money was actively invested.","source_ids":"can-cic-eval-bip-2014;can-fca-jia-2015;can-fin-budget-2014;can-justice-eap2014-act1","short_name":"Federal Immigrant Investor Program"},{"program_id":"can-iivc","jurisdiction":"CAN","name":"Canada Immigrant Investor Venture Capital (IIVC) pilot (Immigrant Investor Venture Capital class, ministerial instructions under IRPA s. 14.1)","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-01-28","legal_basis":"","ended":"2015-12-30","status":"closed","notes":"Replacement pilot for the federal IIP: permanent residence for up to 60 investors with net worth of at least C$10 million who paid C$2 million, not guaranteed, into a venture capital fund (held about 15 years and managed mainly by BDC Capital, per CBC), plus language and education requirements and a due diligence report. Intake windows 28 Jan-11 Feb 2015 (max 500 applications), 13 Feb-15 Apr 2015 and 25 May-30 Dec 2015. IRCC told CBC only seven applications were in process when intake closed on 30 Dec 2015. IRCC declared the pilot closed and removed its instructions on 29 Jan 2021 after finalising the last files. Final admissions not found.","source_ids":"can-cbc-iivc-2016;can-gazette-mi-iivc-2015;can-ircc-iivc-closure-2021;can-ircc-mi19-2015","short_name":"Investor venture capital pilot"},{"program_id":"can-pei-pnp-investor","jurisdiction":"CAN","name":"Canada Prince Edward Island Provincial Nominee Program, investor stream","kind":"residency","launched":"2014-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2018-09-20","status":"closed","notes":"Provincial nomination route (leading to Canadian permanent residence) for people who invest in Prince Edward Island. According to the UK Migration Advisory Committee (Feb 2014, citing the agent website Investor Visa Canada), it opened in January 2014 with 400 places for 2014 and required net worth of at least C$600,000, management expertise, an investment of C$150,000 in a qualifying business and an intention to live in the province; the MAC adds that no further details were available and that the route resembles an entrepreneur route more than a passive investor route. Archived pages of the PEI Office of Immigration (2014-2016) show the route as the Business Impact Category's 100% Ownership and Partial Ownership streams: net worth C$600,000, an investment of C$150,000 in a PEI business the applicant actively manages (for Partial Ownership, at least one third of the voting shares, or alternatively an investment of at least C$1 million) and a C$200,000 escrow deposit refunded in stages; a third stream (Work Permit) required the applicant to come on a work permit first and is not part of this programme. Closed: PEI announced that after 20 September 2018 it would invite only Work Permit stream entrepreneurs, as the 100% Ownership and Partial Ownership streams would close; ended is set to that date (the last day invitations could be issued under them). Whether January 2014 was the streams' first opening is still not confirmed (PEI's business immigration streams are older; earlier versions not read). No counts found: the stored IRCC provincial nominee tables give Prince Edward Island totals for all nominee streams together, and the 2014 CIC evaluation's Prince Edward Island figures concern the federal Immigrant Investor Program (can-iip).","source_ids":"can-pei-pnp-100pct-ownership-2015;can-pei-pnp-business-impact-2014;can-pei-pnp-partial-ownership-2016;can-pei-pnp-work-permit-stream-2021;gbr-mac-tier1-investor-2014","short_name":"Canada Prince Edward Island Provincial Nominee Program, investor stream"},{"program_id":"can-qc-investor","jurisdiction":"CAN","name":"Quebec Investor Program (Programme des investisseurs, Règlement sur l'immigration au Québec, art. 37 and following)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Quebec selects the investor (selection certificate, CSQ) under the Canada-Quebec Accord; IRCC then grants permanent residence. Investors place a fixed sum for 5 years with IQ Immigrants Investisseurs (a subsidiary of Investissement Québec) through an authorised broker or trust company; the income funds grants to Quebec businesses. Placement of C$1,200,000 (net worth C$2 million) under the regulation in force from 2 August 2018 (the amount before then was not confirmed in a Quebec text in this pass); from 1 January 2024 a C$1,000,000 placement plus a non-refundable C$200,000 contribution, oral French level 7, a work permit and stays of at least 6 months each for the investor and spouse in Quebec (no stay required before). Receipt of applications was suspended 1 Apr-15 Aug 2018; capped at 1,900 (max 1,235 from China) for 10 Sep 2018-31 Aug 2019; suspended again 1 Nov 2019 to 1 Apr 2023. Under the new rules only C$1 million (2024-25) and C$3 million (Apr-Dec 2025) of placements were made. MIFI found only 15.5% of people admitted 2011-2020 still present in Quebec in January 2022. Launch year of the Quebec programme is not stated in the sources read (the federal investor class dates from 1986).","source_ids":"can-cic-eval-bip-2014;can-goq-am-2018-001;can-goq-am-2018-009;can-goq-am-2019-001;can-goq-am-2019-007;can-goq-am-2020-001;can-goq-am-2021-007;can-goq-riq-dec1570-2023;can-goq-riq-draft-2018;can-iq-access-iip-2026;can-ircc-pr-provcat-2026;can-mifi-air-riq-2023","short_name":"Quebec Investor Program"},{"program_id":"che-lump-sum-taxation","jurisdiction":"CHE","name":"Besteuerung nach dem Aufwand / imposition d'après la dépense (Swiss lump-sum taxation)","kind":"residency","launched":"1862","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Not a residence permit but a tax regime (art. 14 DBG and cantonal law) for foreign nationals who take up residence in Switzerland for the first time (or after 10 years away) and do not work there: tax is assessed on worldwide living expenses, with a federal minimum base of CHF 400,000 from 2016 (indexed: CHF 421,700, then CHF 435,000 from 2026) and at least seven times the rent. Abolished in five cantons (ZH, BS, BL, SH, AR); a national abolition initiative failed in 2014. Non-EU nationals need a cantonal permit (che-wealthy-residence-permit). FDK surveys give taxpayer numbers and revenue to 2018. Launched: the year 1862, when Vaud offered expenditure-based taxation to non-working foreigners, per the Federal Council's 2011 message (BBl 2011 6021); neither the 1862 Vaud text nor the 1934 federal text was found.","source_ids":"che-bbl-2011-6021;che-fdk-mm-aufwandbesteuerung-2019;che-fedlex-dbg-2016;che-fedlex-dbg-2026","short_name":"Lump-sum taxation"},{"program_id":"che-wealthy-residence-permit","jurisdiction":"CHE","name":"Aufenthaltsbewilligung wegen erheblicher kantonaler fiskalischer Interessen (Swiss residence permit for wealthy non-working foreigners, art. 30 para. 1(b) AIG / art. 32 VZAE)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Cantons may grant a short-stay or residence permit to protect important public interests, including substantial cantonal fiscal interests (art. 32(1)(c) VZAE); used for wealthy non-EU/EFTA nationals who do not work in Switzerland, typically combined with lump-sum taxation. Each canton sets its own minimum tax expectation; no federal amounts. No official statistics on permits granted on this ground were found.","source_ids":"che-fedlex-vzae-2026","short_name":"Residence permit for wealthy foreigners"},{"program_id":"chn-investor-pr","jurisdiction":"CHN","name":"China permanent residence for foreign direct investors (外国人在中国永久居留审批管理办法 2004, arts. 6(1) and 7)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004-08-15","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The 2004 Measures (MPS/MFA Order 74, approved by the State Council on 13 Dec 2003, promulgated and in force 15 Aug 2004) give permanent residence (\"green card\") to foreigners who have invested directly in China, with stable investment for three consecutive years and a good tax record, provided paid-in registered capital totals at least US$500,000 in encouraged sectors or in the western region and poverty counties, US$1 million in the central region, or US$2 million anywhere. Cards valid 10 years for adults; holders must spend at least 3 months a year in China. Status active: the National Immigration Administration's current service guide (dated 27 Mar 2023, online in October 2026) still lists direct and stable investment with three years of good tax records as a ground, names the 2004 Measures as its legal basis, lists the documents investors must file, and sets fees of CNY 1,500 per application and CNY 300 per card, with a decision within six months; it prints no amount, so the 2004 amounts are the latest official ones found. No official counts by route found.","source_ids":"chn-gov-gazette-pr-measures-2004;chn-nia-pr-guidelines-en-2023","short_name":"China permanent residence for foreign direct investors (外国人在中国永久居留审批管理办法 2004, arts. 6(1) and 7)"},{"program_id":"col-business-partner-visa","jurisdiction":"COL","name":"Colombia migrant visa as company partner or owner (Visa M Socio o Propietario, Resolución 5477 de 2022 art. 75; under Resolución 6045 de 2017 art. 48: visa de migrante como empresario)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"In scope under METHODOLOGY 15: the applicant's own minimum stake qualifies for the first visa by itself. The visa is granted for founding a company or buying a stake in a functioning one, with the applicant's own paid-in stake of at least 100 smmlv (Res. 5477 art. 75 req. 2 and 4; Res. 6045 art. 48). A minimum investment by itself qualifies for the first visa; from the second visa the company must show ongoing activity (art. 75 req. 3), and the work permit is limited to that company. Launch date not set: Res. 6045 of 2017 is the earliest stored text and itself replaced Res. 5512 of 2015 (not stored).","source_ids":"col-mre-res-5477-2022;col-mre-res-6045-2017","short_name":"Colombia migrant visa as company partner or owner (Visa M Socio o Propietario, Resolución 5477 de 2022 art. 75; under Resolución 6045 de 2017 art. 48: visa de migrante como empresario)"},{"program_id":"col-investor-visa","jurisdiction":"COL","name":"Colombia investor visa (Visa M Inversionista, Resolución 5477 de 2022 art. 79; formerly visa de residente por inversión extranjera directa and visa de migrante como inversor inmobiliario)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Visa for a foreigner who has registered foreign direct investment above 650 monthly legal minimum wages with the Banco de la República, or bought real estate worth at least 350 minimum wages (since Oct 2022 both give a 3-year M visa; five years as holder can lead to a permanent R visa). Under Res. 6045/2017 the 650-wage FDI route gave a resident visa directly and the 350-wage property route a migrant visa. The company-owner visa (M Socio o Propietario: paid-in capital or registered investment in a company of at least 100 minimum wages) is a threshold on a company's money, out of scope under decision 15 (refined), and not recorded. Amounts are in minimum wages and are not converted. 'launched' left empty: the route predates the earliest text read (2017); Res. 5512/2015, 1980/2014 and earlier decrees were not read.","source_ids":"col-mre-res-5477-2022;col-mre-res-6045-2017","short_name":"Colombia investor visa (Visa M Inversionista, Resolución 5477 de 2022 art. 79; formerly visa de residente por inversión extranjera directa and visa de migrante como inversor inmobiliario)"},{"program_id":"cpv-green-card","jurisdiction":"CPV","name":"Cabo Verde Green Card - permanent residence for property buyers (Lei 30/IX/2018)","kind":"residency","launched":"2018-05-23","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for foreigners (with spouse and dependants) who buy built or under-construction residential property of at least EUR 80,000 in a municipality with below-average GDP per capita, or EUR 120,000 elsewhere, paid with money transferred from abroad. The card is renewed every 5 years, then every 10 after the second renewal, as long as the property is kept; property-tax and pension-income exemptions. Issued by the Direction of Foreigners and Borders (DEF). 'launched' is the in-force date: the law was published on 23 Apr 2018 and entered into force 30 days after publication (art. 13), counted from the day after publication, i.e. 23 May 2018. The implementing regulation and any count of cards issued were not found, so the current status is not confirmed.","source_ids":"cpv-bo-dr-1-2020;cpv-bo-lei-30-ix-2018;cpv-bo-portaria-25-2022;cpv-bo-portaria-61-2021;cpv-bo-res-42-2024;cpv-gov-greencard-news-2022","short_name":"Green Card (residence for property buyers)"},{"program_id":"cri-inversionista","jurisdiction":"CRI","name":"Costa Rica temporary residence as investor (residencia temporal, categoría inversionista: Ley General de Migración y Extranjería 8764 art. 79; Reglamento de Extranjería arts. 87-93; Ley 9996)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Temporary residence for a foreigner who invests at least US$200,000 (Reglamento de Extranjería 2012, art. 87) in real estate, registrable goods, shares, securities, productive projects or projects of national interest; Ley 9996 (in force 14 July 2021) set a new minimum of US$150,000 \"for the period set by this law\", added venture capital funds and sustainable tourism projects, and gave tax and import exemptions that could be claimed only in the first five years (to July 2026). Whether the US$150,000 threshold continues after July 2026 is unclear from the law's wording; not resolved in this pass. Run by the Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME). No official counts found. Launch date of the investor category before the 2012 regulation not checked.","source_ids":"cri-gaceta-ley9996-2021;cri-tse-reglamento-extranjeria-2012","short_name":"Temporary investor residence"},{"program_id":"cuw-investor-permit","jurisdiction":"CUW","name":"Curaçao investor residence permit ('Investors permit 2014', Richtlijnen Investors permit 2014 under art. 7 Landsverordening Toelating en Uitzetting)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence permit for high net worth investors: ANG 500,000 gives a 3-year permit, ANG 750,000 a 5-year permit and ANG 1,500,000 an indefinite permit; purpose includes purchase of real property or a business investment. The 2014 decree (in force 1 Oct 2014) replaced a Ministerial Decree of 3 August 2009 (not read), so an investor scheme existed earlier; 'launched' left empty. Curaçao is a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands; Dutch citizenship after residence is not part of this decree. Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the Immigration Service's current page (last modified 29 September 2026) describes the permit with the same tiers now in XCG (500,000 / 750,000 / 1,500,000; fees XCG 1,865 / 3,095 / 6,170) and takes applications online. A 2025 revamp reported in the press was not found on the official page. The 2009 decree predates Curaçao becoming a country within the Kingdom (2010); it was not read, so launched stays empty. No counts found.","source_ids":"cuw-mj-investors-permit-2014-eng;cuw-toelating-investeerder-2026","short_name":"Curaçao investor residence permit ('Investors permit 2014', Richtlijnen Investors permit 2014 under art. 7 Landsverordening Toelating en Uitzetting)"},{"program_id":"cym-cdi","jurisdiction":"CYM","name":"Cayman Islands Certificate of Direct Investment","kind":"residency","launched":"2010-05-13","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Section 47 of the Immigration (Transition) Act (s.37A of the former Law). Investment of at least CI$1m in a licensed employment-generating business in which the holder has substantial management control; 25-year certificate with right to work in that business; audited accounts and job details at years 2 and 5. Issue fee CI$20,000 (draft 2026: CI$50,000). Launched 2010-05-13: Gazette publication of the Immigration (Amendment) Law 2010 (no commencement clause); first rules CI$6m net worth and CI$2.4m investment (2010 Regulations). No counts found.","source_ids":"cym-imm-regs-2014rev;cym-parl-imm-transition-bill-2018","short_name":"Certificate of Direct Investment"},{"program_id":"cym-pim-permanent","jurisdiction":"CYM","name":"Cayman Islands Certificate of Permanent Residence for Persons of Independent Means","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-06-05","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Created by the Immigration (Amendment) Law 2012 (s.34A, now s.42 of the Immigration (Transition) Act). Requires investment in developed real estate: CI$1.6m, CI$2m since May 2017. Issue fee CI$100,000 (draft 2026: CI$200,000); quota 250 a year. No right to work unless varied by the Board. From 1 May 2026 the certificate is for 10 years, renewable indefinitely, and the holder may then apply for naturalisation as a British Overseas Territories citizen (residence rules of the British Nationality Act still apply). No official counts found. The launch date is the Law's publication in the Gazette (5 June 2012; passed 5 April, assented 1 May 2012); the Law states no commencement date.","source_ids":"cym-imm-amend-law-2012;cym-imm-amend4-regs-2017;cym-imm-regs-2014rev;cym-imm-trans-amend-act-2025","short_name":"Permanent residence, independent means"},{"program_id":"cym-pim-residency","jurisdiction":"CYM","name":"Cayman Islands Residency Certificate for Persons of Independent Means (25-year)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Section 41 of the Immigration (Transition) Act (s.34 of the former Immigration Law). 25-year certificate, renewable, without the right to work. Since May 2017: CI$1m invested of which CI$500,000 in developed real estate on Grand Cayman (half on the Sister Islands), plus CI$120,000 annual income or a CI$400,000 local deposit; holders must be present 30 days a year. Issue fee CI$20,000 (draft 2026: CI$50,000). Launched 2004-01-01: the 2003 Law's Residential Certificate for Retirees (renamed the Residency Certificate for Persons of Independent Means by the Immigration (Amendment) (No. 2) Law 2006) was granted from 1 January 2004 (transitional s. 35(2)(a) of the 2006 Law), and the Immigration Regulations 2004, reg. 14, required an investment (CI$750,000 in Grand Cayman, at least CI$250,000 in developed real estate; CI$250,000 in the Sister Islands). The 2003 Law's own commencement clause was not read. The 2003 Law's separate Residential Certificate for Entrepreneurs and Investors (repealed 2006) is not recorded as a programme yet. No official counts found.","source_ids":"cym-imm-amend4-regs-2017;cym-imm-regs-2014rev;cym-parl-imm-transition-bill-2018","short_name":"25-year residency, independent means"},{"program_id":"cym-sbp","jurisdiction":"CYM","name":"Cayman Islands Residency Certificate (Substantial Business Presence)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-06-05","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Created by the Immigration (Amendment) Law 2012 (s.37D, now s.50). For owners or senior managers of an approved category of business (fund administration, insurance, family office, exempted companies etc.) with physical premises and at least four full-time resident staff; no fixed investment amount. Issue fee CI$5,000 (draft 2026: CI$12,500). No counts found. The launch date is the Law's publication in the Gazette (5 June 2012; passed 5 April, assented 1 May 2012); the Law states no commencement date.","source_ids":"cym-imm-amend-law-2012;cym-imm-regs-2018rev","short_name":"Substantial business presence residency"},{"program_id":"cyp-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"CYP","name":"Cyprus fast-track permanent residence for investors (Άδεια Μετανάστευσης, Regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations; 'golden visa')","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"1972-12-22","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence (Immigration Permit) for third-country investors, issued by the Minister of Interior under Regulation 6(2); EUR 300,000 investment plus EUR 50,000 annual income (2023 criteria). No right to work except as director of the invested company. Card valid 10 years; right of residence unlimited. It does not lead to citizenship by itself; naturalisation needs years of actual residence under the ordinary rules (not researched here). Launch date not established: the Commission (2019) gives 2016, but the 2023 criteria imply the scheme existed by 2013; legal basis Regulation 6(2) of the Aliens and Immigration Regulations (published 22 Dec 1972), a general discretionary clause. Pre-2021 terms not verified. No official numbers of permits found.","source_ids":"cyp-crmd-rp-criteria-2023;cyp-moi-rp-criteria-2023","short_name":"Golden visa (permanent residence)"},{"program_id":"dom-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"DOM","name":"Dominican Republic residence by investment (residencia por inversión)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004-08-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Investor residence processed by the Dirección General de Migración on the basis of an investment certified by ProDominicana; integrated into the single investment window in 2024. Legal basis believed to be the General Migration Law 285-04 and its Regulation (Decree 631-11), with Law 171-07 for pensioners and rentiers, but the provisions were not read. Minimum amount not confirmed: the Migration director cited US$250,000 in 2021; advisers commonly cite US$200,000. No counts found.","source_ids":"dom-diariolibre-2021;dom-presidencia-vui-2024","short_name":"Residence by investment"},{"program_id":"ecu-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"ECU","name":"Ecuador temporary residence visa as investor (visa de residencia temporal inversionista, Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana arts. 59-60)","kind":"residency","launched":"2017-02-06","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Two-year temporary residence for a foreigner who holds a bank deposit for at least 730 days, real estate, or shares in an Ecuadorian company, each worth at least 100 unified basic wages (salarios básicos unificados), or a contract with the State. Amounts in basic wages, not converted. Launched 2017-02-06: the Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana is in force on publication (Registro Oficial 938); the earlier Ley de Extranjería was not read. The portal publishes monthly 'Atenciones' for the procedure since 2019, not defined.","source_ids":"ecu-mremh-visa-inversionista-2026","short_name":"Ecuador temporary residence visa as investor (visa de residencia temporal inversionista, Ley Orgánica de Movilidad Humana arts. 59-60)"},{"program_id":"egy-deposit-residence","jurisdiction":"EGY","name":"Egypt 'deposit residence' (إقامة بوديعة) for foreign investors, Law 173/2018","kind":"residency","launched":"2018-08-15","legal_basis":"","ended":"2019-07","status":"closed","notes":"Created by Law 173/2018 (Gazette 14 Aug 2018, in force the next day): residence category for foreigners depositing at least EGP 7 million (or foreign-currency equivalent) in an Egyptian bank; after five consecutive years the Interior Minister could naturalise them, the deposit then passing to the Treasury. Implementing rules were to be set by an Interior Minister decree. Repealed by Law 140/2019 (30 Jul 2019), which replaced it with the egy-cbi programme. No evidence found that any permit was issued; 'ended' is the month of the repealing law (Gazette publication date not verified).","source_ids":"egy-law-140-2019;egy-law-173-2018","short_name":"Deposit residence"},{"program_id":"esp-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"ESP","name":"Spain investor visa and residence authorisation (visado y autorización de residencia para inversores, Ley 14/2013, 'golden visa')","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-09-29","legal_basis":"","ended":"2025-04-02","status":"closed","notes":"Residence (not citizenship) for non-EU investors under arts. 61-67 of Ley 14/2013 (in force 29 Sep 2013). Routes: EUR 500,000 real estate per applicant; EUR 2m Spanish public debt; EUR 1m in shares of Spanish companies or in Spanish bank deposits; from 30 Jul 2015 also EUR 1m in Spanish investment/venture-capital funds; business project of general interest (no fixed amount). Visas issued by consulates (Foreign Ministry); residence authorisations granted in Spain by the Directorate-General for Migration and processed by the Unidad de Grandes Empresas y Colectivos Estratégicos (UGE-CE). Visa 1 year; initial authorisation 2 years (3 years from 23 Dec 2022); renewals 2 years, then 5 years from 30 Jul 2015. Family members got derivative permits. The law gave no shortcut to citizenship. Arts. 63-67 emptied by Ley Orgánica 1/2025 (in force 3 Apr 2025); existing permits may be renewed. Official statistics are scattered: one 2015 ministry report, parliamentary answers, and 2024 press releases whose counts do not match each other (consular visas vs all authorisations).","source_ids":"esp-boe-ley-14-2013;esp-boe-ley-14-2013-consolidated;esp-boe-ley-25-2015;esp-boe-ley-28-2022;esp-boe-lo-1-2025","short_name":"Golden visa"},{"program_id":"est-business-residence","jurisdiction":"EST","name":"Elamisluba ettevõtluseks, sh suurinvestorile (Estonian temporary residence permit for enterprise, including for large investors)","kind":"residency","launched":"2009","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Aliens Act: temporary residence permit for enterprise (EUR 65,000 invested in a company, or EUR 16,000 for a sole proprietor) and, from 18 Jan 2017, for large investors (EUR 1,000,000 directly invested in an Estonian company or fund, no obligation to live in Estonia). Permits up to 5 years, renewable. The Commission dates the Estonian investor scheme to 2009. Three large-investor permits were issued in 2017 (all to Russians). No official series found for later years.","source_ids":"est-err-2018-04-09;est-rt-aliens-act-en-2026;intl-ec-swd-2019-5","short_name":"Business residence permit"},{"program_id":"eth-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"ETH","name":"Ethiopia Golden Visa (10-year residence and multiple-entry visa for large investors)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"A 10-year multiple-entry visa with residence rights, created by the revised Immigration & Citizenship Service Fee Regulation (reported as No. 587/2026, in force 24 Feb 2026). Granted under 'special circumstances', including an investment of USD 5 million in activities that favour development such as job creation or technology transfer (Addis Fortune); fee USD 10,000, renewal USD 10,000 after 10 years or USD 12,500 for immediate renewal. The ICS Director General said in spring 2026 that the agency would 'soon launch these visas'. Industry press in July 2026 (IMI Daily, Business Insider Africa; not read) reports a USD 10 million threshold ahead of a launch later in 2026, which may reflect a later rule or a different reading. Known only from the press; the regulation was not found, so launched and status are empty. No counts.","source_ids":"eth-addisfortune-golden-visa-2026;eth-bantugazette-visa-framework-2026","short_name":"Ethiopia Golden Visa (10-year residence and multiple-entry visa for large investors)"},{"program_id":"eth-property-residence","jurisdiction":"ETH","name":"Ethiopia property-based residential ID and visa for foreign property buyers","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Under the law allowing foreign nationals to acquire immovable property and the revised Immigration & Citizenship Service Fee Regulation (reported as Regulation No. 587/2026, in force 24 Feb 2026 per Bantu Gazette; Addis Fortune says the categories were introduced in February and the regulation was to take effect on publication), a foreigner who buys property in Ethiopia (Addis Fortune: through a lease or an investment of at least USD 150,000) gets a visa valid up to five years (fee USD 4,000) and, after the purchase, a property-based residential ID valid up to five years, both extendable to immediate family; the ID is revoked if the property is sold. The ICS Director General said at a press briefing (spring 2026) that the agency had begun issuing these IDs and visas. Known only from the press: neither the fee regulation nor the property law was found online (the ICS website lists only the 2024 fee regulation 550/2024), so launched and status are left empty. No counts. Ethiopian nationality law has no investor route.","source_ids":"eth-addisfortune-golden-visa-2026;eth-bantugazette-visa-framework-2026","short_name":"Ethiopia property-based residential ID and visa for foreign property buyers"},{"program_id":"fji-investor-permit","jurisdiction":"FJI","name":"Fiji Investor Permit (Immigration Regulations 2007, ss. 39-41)","kind":"residency","launched":"1982-05-07","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence and work permit for foreign shareholders, owners or representatives of a company registered in Fiji, issued by the Ministry of Immigration under ss. 39-41 of the Immigration Regulations 2007: investment threshold of $300,000 (currency printed as \"$\"; Fijian dollars presumed, the Ministry's other amounts are FJD) unless the Ministry of Trade grants a waiver; 3 years approved in principle (1 year issued first). No route to citizenship. Launched 1982-05-07: effective date of LN 40 of 1982, which inserted the investor residence permit (para 4(2) of the Immigration Directions), per the amendment history in an unofficial consolidated copy of the Immigration Regulations 2007 (the official site returned 404); the FJD 250,000 figure dates from 1997; a capital route in the 1971 Directions may be older but its wording is unknown; industry sites cite older thresholds (FJD 50,000 / 250,000), not checked. Representatives of a foreign shareholder company also qualify, so the money need not be the applicant's own.","source_ids":"fji-immig-investor-permit-2026","short_name":"Fiji Investor Permit (Immigration Regulations 2007, ss. 39-41)"},{"program_id":"fra-exceptional-contribution","jurisdiction":"FRA","name":"France residence card for an exceptional economic contribution (carte de résident pour contribution économique exceptionnelle)","kind":"residency","launched":"2013","legal_basis":"","ended":"2016-10-31","status":"closed","notes":"Residence for a foreigner making a long-term, non-speculative investment of at least EUR 10 million in commercial or industrial assets in France, as listed in comparison tables by the UK Migration Advisory Committee (Feb 2014; residence requirement 183 days a year) and the IMF (2015 working paper and Vanuatu Article IV; inception year 2013). Neither table names the card; the name comes from Transparency International's 2018 report, which cites Decree No 2009-1114 of 11 September 2009 on the carte de résident for an exceptional economic contribution and dates a French residence-by-investment scheme to 2009 (amended 2016), but its table row describes the EUR 300,000 passeport talent (fra-passeport-talent-investor), so that 2009 date is not recorded as a launch event. launched follows the IMF table (2013); the decree and the law behind the card are not stored, and the two dates disagree. The 5-year citizenship qualifying period in the MAC and IMF tables is France's ordinary naturalisation period and is kept as a context row without a programme. Closed: art. 20 of the law of 7 March 2016 (fra-an-ta683-2016) repealed the card, and the Interior Ministry's application circular states it is abolished from 1 November 2016 (fra-mi-circ-loi-2016-annexe, PDF p. 40); ended is the day before. The current CESEDA (consolidated to 27 August 2026) has no such card. Counts not found.","source_ids":"fra-codesdroit-ceseda-2026;gbr-mac-tier1-investor-2014;intl-imf-wp-15-93;intl-ti-gw-european-getaway-2018;vut-imf-art4-2015;fra-an-ta683-2016;fra-mi-circ-loi-2016-annexe","short_name":"France residence card for an exceptional economic contribution (carte de résident pour contribution économique exceptionnelle)"},{"program_id":"fra-passeport-talent-investor","jurisdiction":"FRA","name":"Passeport talent - investisseur économique (French Tech Visa for investors)","kind":"residency","launched":"2016-11-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Multi-year residence card (up to 4 years) for a foreigner who invests at least EUR 300,000 in France, personally or through a company he runs or owns at least 30% of, creating or saving jobs within four years. Part of the passeport talent created by the law of 7 Mar 2016 (the Commission dates the French scheme to 2016). The Commission reported 29 permits in 2017; no later official breakdown was found.","source_ids":"fra-anef-passeport-talent-investisseur;intl-ec-swd-2019-5","short_name":"Talent passport for investors"},{"program_id":"gbr-investor-1994","jurisdiction":"GBR","name":"'Investor' category of the UK Immigration Rules (paras 224-229), 1994-2008","kind":"residency","launched":"1994-10-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2008-06-30","status":"closed","notes":"Predecessor of the Tier 1 (Investor) visa (gbr-tier1-investor), with its own legal basis: paragraphs 224 to 229 of the Immigration Rules, deleted by HC 607 from 30 June 2008 when Tier 1 (Investor) (paras 245O-245U) replaced it. The MAC (2014) dates the route to 1 October 1994: applicants had to hold at least GBP 1 million in the UK, invest GBP 750,000 in UK Government bonds, stocks or corporate bonds and make the UK their main home; from 2004 the funds could be borrowed from a UK regulated institution if personal net assets were at least twice the investment. The 1994 text itself is not stored; the launch date is the start date given by the MAC. No separate counts found.","source_ids":"gbr-ho-hc607-2008;gbr-mac-tier1-investor-2014","short_name":"'Investor' category of the UK Immigration Rules (paras 224-229), 1994-2008"},{"program_id":"gbr-tier1-investor","jurisdiction":"GBR","name":"Tier 1 (Investor) visa (United Kingdom)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-06-30","legal_basis":"","ended":"2022-02-17","status":"closed","notes":"Residence by investment under Part 6A of the Immigration Rules (paras 245E-245EF; originally 245O-245U), created by HC 607 from 30 June 2008, replacing an 'investor' category that had existed since 1 October 1994. Investors held GBP 1m (GBP 2m from 6 Nov 2014) and invested it in UK government bonds (until 29 March 2019) or share/loan capital of UK trading companies; no job or business required. First grant 3 years 4 months, extension 2 years. Settlement (indefinite leave to remain) after 5 years, or after 3 years with GBP 5m / 2 years with GBP 10m (from 6 April 2011). Citizenship by naturalisation possible 12 months after settlement and 5 years' residence (MAC 2014: 6 years at GBP 1m, 5 years at GBP 5m/10m). Closed to new applicants at 16:00 on 17 Feb 2022 by CP 632; existing investors could extend until 17 Feb 2026 and may apply to settle until 17 Feb 2028. Home Office statistics count visas per person and separate main applicants from dependants; no official figure for total money invested.","source_ids":"gbr-ho-cp632-2022;gbr-ho-hc607-2008;gbr-ho-hc693-2014;gbr-ho-hc863-2011;gbr-mac-tier1-investor-2014","short_name":"Tier 1 (Investor) visa"},{"program_id":"geo-investment-residence","jurisdiction":"GEO","name":"Georgia investment residence permit (Law on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons, art. 15(h); unlimited residence under art. 15(k))","kind":"residency","launched":"2014-09-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The 2014 Law on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons (No 2045, in force 1 September 2014) created an investment residence permit for an investment of at least GEL 300,000. Law No 4741 of 30 May 2019 (published 5.6.2019) raised the threshold to USD 300,000 (in GEL), added real estate worth more than USD 300,000 as a basis, made the permit 5 years, and allowed an unlimited (permanent) residence permit after 5 years subject to company turnover (USD 50,000/100,000/120,000 in years 1/2/3-5) or keeping the property. Whether the 2005 Law on the Legal Status of Aliens already had an investor ground was not checked. The separate short-term permit for property owners is geo-property-residence. No official counts were found. The stored 2015-05 and 2019-05 English versions print 'This Law shall enter into force on 1 January 2014', a translation error (the law was signed 5 March 2014; art. 74 of the 2014 text and later versions give 1 September 2014).","source_ids":"geo-matsne-aliens-law-2014;geo-matsne-aliens-law-2019-05;geo-matsne-aliens-law-consol-2026","short_name":"Georgia investment residence permit (Law on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons, art. 15(h); unlimited residence under art. 15(k))"},{"program_id":"geo-property-residence","jurisdiction":"GEO","name":"Georgia short-term residence permit for owners of real property (Law on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons, art. 15(j))","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-05-15","legal_basis":"2014-09-01","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Law No 3602 of 8 May 2015 (published 15.5.2015) added a short-term residence permit, renewable yearly, for an alien who owns non-agricultural real property in Georgia with a market value above USD 35,000 (in GEL), valued by an accredited assessor; raised to USD 100,000 by Law No 4741 of 2019 and to USD 150,000 by Law No 863 of 26 June 2025. Launched 2015-05-15: Law No 3602 (property over USD 35,000) comes into force on publication (art. 3(1)), recorded on the Legislative Herald as 15/05/2015. The 2019 and 2025 dates are likewise publication dates standing in for amending laws that are not stored. Legal basis is the 2014 Law's entry into force. The permit lapses when ownership ends. No official counts were found.","source_ids":"geo-matsne-aliens-law-2015-05;geo-matsne-aliens-law-2019-05;geo-matsne-aliens-law-2025-06;geo-matsne-aliens-law-consol-2026","short_name":"Georgia short-term residence permit for owners of real property (Law on the Legal Status of Aliens and Stateless Persons, art. 15(j))"},{"program_id":"grc-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"GRC","name":"Greece Golden Visa (Μόνιμη άδεια διαμονής επενδυτή - permanent investor residence permit, real estate)","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-04-18","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence (not citizenship): five-year renewable permit, no right to work, no minimum stay; family members get derivative permits. Legal basis: art. 36A Law 3386/2005 (added by Law 4146/2013) -> art. 20(B) Law 4251/2014 -> art. 100 Law 5038/2023 (type B.5). Financial-investment permits (art. 16 Law 4251/2014 / art. 99 Law 5038/2023, type B.4) are a separate permit type. Ministry statistics count permits (one per person) and distinguish main investors vs family members and first grant vs renewal.","source_ids":"grc-law-5038-2023;grc-law-5100-2024-consolidated;grc-ypes-circular-13-2013","short_name":"Golden visa"},{"program_id":"gtm-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"GTM","name":"Guatemala temporary residence for investors (residencia temporal para inversionistas, Código de Migración art. 75(d))","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"2016","ended":"","status":"","notes":"The Migration Code (Decreto 44-2016, art. 75(d)) gives foreigners who invest in Guatemala temporary residence for up to five years. The IGM's Reglamento de Residencias Guatemaltecas (Acuerdo IGM-016-2025 of 21 May 2025, approved by the National Migration Authority as AMN-05-2025) requires proof that the applicant is part of one or more commercial entities and/or invests in movable or immovable property for an amount of USD 100,000 ('cien mil dólares'), with a sworn notarial declaration of the activity and planned stay; dependants follow the rules for migrant workers. Temporary residence is granted for one to five years and can be extended; after five years of temporary residence the investor can apply for permanent residence (art. 27). The 2025 regulation repeals Acuerdo IGM-092-2022, which was not read, so whether the USD 100,000 amount is new is unknown and launched is empty; legal_basis is the year of the Migration Code (in force sixty days after its Diario Oficial publication, date not printed in the stored copy). The earlier Ley de Migración (Decreto 95-98) investor category was not researched. Note the route does not require running a business: buying property for USD 100,000 qualifies. No counts of investor residences found (the IGM statistics page was not checked for a residence breakdown). Status left empty.","source_ids":"gtm-congreso-codigo-migracion-44-2016;gtm-igm-reglamento-residencias-2025","short_name":"Guatemala temporary residence for investors (residencia temporal para inversionistas, Código de Migración art. 75(d))"},{"program_id":"hkg-cies","jurisdiction":"HKG","name":"Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (CIES; 資本投資者入境計劃)","kind":"residency","launched":"2003-10-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"2015-01-15","status":"closed","notes":"Residence (not citizenship) for people who invest in Hong Kong without running a business there; run by the Immigration Department under the 'Rules for the Capital Investment Entrant Scheme' (ID(E)968); no law establishing it was found. Threshold HK$6.5m in property and/or financial assets from 27 Oct 2003; HK$10m in financial assets only from 14 Oct 2010. Open to foreign nationals, Macao and Taiwan residents, stateless persons and Chinese nationals holding permanent residence abroad (not Mainland residents). Two steps: approval-in-principle (enter as a visitor to invest within six months), then formal approval and two-year permissions to stay, renewed if the investment is kept. After seven years' continuous ordinary residence investors and dependants could apply for the right of abode (permanent residence) under the Basic Law. Suspended 'until further notice' from 15 Jan 2015; applications already received were still processed and all were finalised in October 2023. The large majority of applicants were Chinese nationals with foreign permanent residence; of those formally approved to end-2007, the largest groups held permanent residence in Gambia (414 of 1,114), Canada, New Zealand, Nauru, Australia, the Philippines, Niger and Guinea-Bissau (LCQ12, 2008).","source_ids":"hkg-immd-ar-2023-app5;hkg-immd-cies-page-2026;hkg-isd-pr-cies-amended-2010;hkg-isd-pr-cies-launch-2003;hkg-isd-pr-cies-suspension-2015;hkg-legco-lcq7-cies-2011;hkg-legco-lcq8-cies-2018","short_name":"Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (CIES)"},{"program_id":"hkg-new-cies","jurisdiction":"HKG","name":"New Capital Investment Entrant Scheme (New CIES; 新資本投資者入境計劃)","kind":"residency","launched":"2023-12-19","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence for investors of at least HK$30m: HK$27m in permissible financial assets and/or real estate (real estate counts for at most HK$10m; residential only for single properties of HK$50m+ from 16 Oct 2024) plus HK$3m in the CIES Investment Portfolio managed by the Hong Kong Investment Corporation. Approved by the Executive Council on 19 Dec 2023; no law establishing it was found. The launch date is the date of that Executive Council order, which states no date of effect (the LegCo brief only aims to launch the scheme and invite applications in mid-2024); applications opened on 1 Mar 2024 (separate event). InvestHK verifies net assets (HK$30m, held two years before applying until Feb 2025, six months from 1 Mar 2025) and the investment; ImmD grants approval-in-principle (180-day visitor stay to invest), then formal approval: 2 years' stay, then 3-year extensions. After seven years' continuous ordinary residence applicants and dependants may apply for permanent residence; those who keep the investment seven years without meeting the residence test may apply for unconditional stay. Eligible: foreign nationals (except Afghanistan, Cuba, North Korea), Chinese nationals with foreign permanent residence, Macao residents, Chinese residents of Taiwan. Official figures are cumulative press-release totals; the only country breakdowns found (May 2024, March 2025) are led by Guinea-Bissau and Vanuatu.","source_ids":"hkg-fstb-legco-brief-new-cies-2023;hkg-fstb-pr-new-cies-enhancements-2025;hkg-investhk-new-cies-measure-2026;hkg-investhk-pr-new-cies-opens-2024;hkg-investhk-pr-new-cies-residential-2024;hkg-investhk-pr-new-cies-two-year-2026;hkg-isd-pr-new-cies-details-2023;hkg-legco-lcq15-new-capital-2024","short_name":"New Capital Investment Entrant Scheme"},{"program_id":"hnd-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"HND","name":"Honduras residence as investor (residente inversionista, Ley de Migración y Extranjería; Reglamento arts. 22, 33 and 35)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004-05-02","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Residence for a foreigner investing at least USD 50,000 (or the equivalent in lempiras), with a feasibility study, a USD 5,000 central-bank deposit guaranteeing the investment, registration in the Registro de Inversionistas and a USD 300 fee. Launched 2004-05-02: the Ley de Migración y Extranjería (Decreto 208-2003, La Gaceta 30,331 of 3 March 2004) comes into force 60 days after publication (date computed); it creates the 'residente inversionista' status (US$50,000). The requirements sheet is from Dec 2022; current status not confirmed.","source_ids":"hnd-sgjd-req-residencia-inversionista-2022","short_name":"Honduras residence as investor (residente inversionista, Ley de Migración y Extranjería; Reglamento arts. 22, 33 and 35)"},{"program_id":"hun-guest-investor","jurisdiction":"HUN","name":"Hungarian Guest Investor Program (vendégbefektetői vízum és tartózkodási engedély)","kind":"residency","launched":"2024-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Act XC of 2023, ss. 16 and 22: six-month guest investor visa, then a 10-year residence permit renewable for 10 more, with the right to work. Routes: EUR 250,000 in units of a qualified Hungarian real estate fund held 5 years; EUR 1,000,000 donation to a foundation-run university; EUR 500,000 residential property until removed on 30 Dec 2024. Security vetting by the Constitution Protection Office; fund managers need clearance. Law in force 1 Jan 2024, but the first fund manager qualified only in Oct 2024. No official statistics are published; press reports from OIF data show very low take-up.","source_ids":"hun-mk-act-xc-2023;hun-njt-act-xc-2023-v2026-10-01;hun-oif-guest-investor-web-2026","short_name":"Guest Investor Program"},{"program_id":"hun-residency-bond","jurisdiction":"HUN","name":"Hungarian residency bond programme (Letelepedési Magyar Államkötvény, settlement bond)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-12-28","legal_basis":"","ended":"2017-03-31","status":"closed","notes":"Residence permit in the 'national economic interest' under s. 28(3)-(11) of Act II of 2007 (added by Act CCXX of 2012) for holders of at least EUR 250,000 (EUR 300,000 from 2015) of five-year securities sold by private intermediaries approved by Parliament's economic committee (eight in all, mostly offshore; one per country); the intermediaries bought discounted zero-coupon euro bonds from ÁKK. Settlement (permanent residence) permit after six months, directly from July 2016 per Index. ÁKK: EUR 1.844 billion face value issued 2013-2017 in 11 series, all repaid by 2022. BMH: about 6,500 investors and 13,300 family members. Residence route only; normal naturalisation rules applied.","source_ids":"hun-akk-annual-report-2017;hun-akk-lmak-web-2019;hun-mk-act-ccxx-2012","short_name":"Residency bond programme"},{"program_id":"idn-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"IDN","name":"Golden Visa Indonesia","kind":"residency","launched":"2024-07-25","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Five- or ten-year limited-stay permit (renewable) run by the Directorate General of Immigration, launched 25 July 2024, for corporate investors, individual investors (with or without founding a company), global talent, 'second home', 'silver hair' retirees, world figures, former Indonesians and descendants, and investors in the new capital (IKN). Individual investors who do not found a company place US$350,000 (5 years) or US$700,000 (10 years) in Indonesian government bonds, listed shares or deposits; those founding a company invest US$2.5m/US$5m; corporate directors US$25m/US$50m. No guarantor needed. The implementing regulation (a Minister of Law and Human Rights regulation on visas and stay permits, 2023-2024) could not be downloaded and is not cited. Separate from the Global Citizen of Indonesia (GCI) permit of January 2026 for diaspora.","source_ids":"idn-imigrasi-gci-2026-02;idn-imigrasi-gv-2025-09;idn-imigrasi-gv-2026-05","short_name":"Golden visa"},{"program_id":"imn-tier1-investor","jurisdiction":"IMN","name":"Isle of Man Tier 1 (Investor) Migrant route (Isle of Man Immigration Rules)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"2022-02-22","status":"closed","notes":"The Isle of Man's own version of the UK Tier 1 (Investor) route, for high net worth individuals investing in the Isle of Man. Entry needed GBP 1 million of the applicant's own money disposable in the Isle of Man (or personal assets over GBP 2 million plus GBP 1 million borrowed from a regulated institution); from 10 November 2014 GBP 2 million of own money, invested in share or loan capital of active and trading Isle of Man companies. Settlement after 5 years at GBP 2 million, 3 years at GBP 5 million or 2 years at GBP 10 million (from 2014). The route is in the December 2009 consolidated rules (earliest version found), so launched is empty: the Statement of Changes that introduced it was not retrieved. Closed to new applicants from the rules in effect 23 February 2022; the version in effect 14-22 February 2022 still allowed entry clearance, so 'ended' is 22 February 2022 (any transitional rule for pending applications was not read). Before Tier 1 the rules had an 'investor' category (paras 224-231: GBP 1 million, GBP 750,000 to invest), still in the 2009 text; not recorded separately (its start and end were not established). Jersey and Guernsey had equivalent categories (the Isle of Man rules count time spent in them); not researched. No counts found.","source_ids":"imn-gov-immigration-rules-2009-12;imn-gov-immigration-rules-2022-02-14;imn-gov-immigration-rules-2022-02-23;imn-gov-sd-2014-0344","short_name":"Isle of Man Tier 1 (Investor) Migrant route (Isle of Man Immigration Rules)"},{"program_id":"ind-investor-prs","jurisdiction":"IND","name":"India Permanent Residency Status (PRS) for foreign investors","kind":"residency","launched":"2016-10-17","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Approved by the Union Cabinet on 31 Aug 2016: a 10-year multiple-entry residency status, renewable for 10 years, for foreign investors who bring in at least Rs 10 crore within 18 months or Rs 25 crore within 36 months and create at least 20 jobs for resident Indians each financial year; holders may buy one residential property and family members may work and study. Launched 2016-10-17: date of the Home Ministry order, as given in the Ministry's 2017-18 annual report (the order itself is not stored); the Cabinet approval release is dated 31 Aug 2016; the implementing visa-manual provisions, any start date of applications and any counts of PRS granted were not found. Reports say Pakistani nationals are excluded (not in the stored text).","source_ids":"ind-pmo-prs-cabinet-2016","short_name":"India Permanent Residency Status (PRS) for foreign investors"},{"program_id":"irl-iip","jurisdiction":"IRL","name":"Immigrant Investor Programme (IIP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-04-15","legal_basis":"","ended":"2023-02-15","status":"closed","notes":"Residence by investment run by the Department of Justice (INIS, later Immigration Service Delivery) under a Government decision of 2012 and ministerial guidelines, without its own legislation. Approved investors and their spouse/partner and minor children got Stamp 4 residence (right to work and study): 2 years, renewed for 3, then 5-year renewals while the investment (held at least 3 years) stayed in place. No residence obligation beyond visiting Ireland once a year. No fast track to citizenship: naturalisation needs 5 years' physical (reckonable) residence, so investors who did not live in Ireland could not qualify. Projects were vetted by an inter-departmental Evaluation Committee; the minister decided. Most money went via the enterprise option into project vehicles (nursing homes, social housing, hotels) put together by agents for groups of mainly Chinese investors. Closed to new applications 15 Feb 2023; applications on hand and investors for already approved projects are still being processed (1,192 pending in March 2026).","source_ids":"irl-doj-closure-pr-2023;irl-inis-iip-guidelines-2018;irl-inis-launch-pr-2012;irl-oir-wa-2022-05-04","short_name":"Immigrant Investor Programme"},{"program_id":"ita-investor-visa","jurisdiction":"ITA","name":"Investor Visa for Italy (visto per investitori, art. 26-bis D.Lgs. 286/1998)","kind":"residency","launched":"2017-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Entry visa and two-year 'per investitori' residence permit, renewable for three years at a time, for non-EU nationals who invest EUR 2m in Italian government bonds, EUR 500k (EUR 1m until 18 May 2020) in an Italian company (from 18 Dec 2024 also an Italian venture-capital fund), EUR 250k (EUR 500k until 18 May 2020) in an innovative start-up, or donate EUR 1m to a public-interest project; investment must be made within 3 months of arrival and held for 2 years. Legal basis in force 1 Jan 2017 (L. 232/2016, art. 1, c. 148); implementing decree 21 Jul 2017; applications run through an online portal from 14 Dec 2017, vetted by an inter-ministerial Committee chaired by the ministry of enterprise (MISE, now MIMIT), which issues a nulla osta. No real-estate route. Applications free of charge. Holders may apply for an EU long-term permit after 5 years of holding the investment (portal); no special route to citizenship. Suspended for Russian and Belarusian citizens from 14 Jul 2023 and for dual nationals with a Russian or Belarusian passport from 20 Mar 2024. Very low uptake: 13 applications to end-2019 (latest official total found).","source_ids":"ita-mimit-investor-visa-page-2026;ita-mimit-iv4i-dm-2017-07-21;ita-mimit-iv4i-manuale-2021;ita-mise-relazione-startup-2020;ita-normattiva-tui-art26bis-2017;ita-normattiva-tui-art26bis-2026;ita-normattiva-tui-art26bis-history","short_name":"Investor visa"},{"program_id":"jor-property-residence","jurisdiction":"JOR","name":"Jordan five-year residence for property buyers (الإقامة لمدة خمس سنوات عن طريق شراء عقار)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Five-year renewable residence for investors or ordinary persons buying one or more residential properties worth at least JOD 200,000 (Department of Lands and Survey valuation), held 5 years without sale or mortgage; issued by the Interior Minister on the investor committee's recommendation; spouse and children included. Since decision 4375 (2025) the purchase must be new and from a licensed developer. Residence does not lead to citizenship by itself (ordinary naturalisation rules apply). Earliest official evidence found: JIC sheet of Jan 2021; launch date not established.","source_ids":"jor-jic-conditions-2021;jor-moin-mechanism-4375-2025;jor-pm-cabinet-bases-2021","short_name":"Residence for property buyers"},{"program_id":"kaz-aifc-itrp","jurisdiction":"KAZ","name":"Kazakhstan AIFC Investment Tax Residency Programme (Astana International Financial Centre)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-09-14","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Run by the Astana International Financial Centre under art. 5-1 of the Constitutional Statute on the AIFC. A foreigner who invests at least USD 60,000 (or equivalent) in eligible instruments (shares or units of AIFC funds or entities, securities listed on the Astana International Exchange, capital of an AIFC-registered entity; from 2026 also digital assets on AFSA-licensed platforms, minimum USD 150,000) receives an Investment Resident Certificate for up to five years and, on the AIFC's request, an investor visa or a temporary residence permit for himself or herself and family under Kazakh migration law, plus tax benefits. The Kazakh government's immigrant rules provide temporary residence for AIFC investment residents for one year, renewable up to five years, and investor visas of up to five years (para. 19-1 added in March 2021, before this programme, so an earlier AIFC investment-residence status existed; its rules were not found). Launched 2022-09-14: date the 2022 Regulations (No. 42) were enacted; they commence on publication on the AIFC website, a date not printed. Replaced by Regulations No. 57 of 6 August 2026 and Rules No. 5 (commencing 6 August 2026), which keep USD 60,000, add the digital-asset option and require three full-time jobs for Kazakh citizens on the share-capital option. Fees: USD 7,750 (main applicant) in the 2024 fee table; at least USD 8,990 including taxes under the 2026 rules. Separate from the government investor visa for USD 300,000 introduced in 2025 (kaz-investor-visa, proposed by the leads-africa-asia-americas pass). No counts found.","source_ids":"kaz-adilet-p1200000148-consol;kaz-aifc-itrp-fees-2024;kaz-aifc-itrp-instruments-2026;kaz-aifc-itrp-regs-2022;kaz-aifc-itrp-regs-2026;kaz-aifc-itrp-rules-2026","short_name":"Kazakhstan AIFC Investment Tax Residency Programme (Astana International Financial Centre)"},{"program_id":"kaz-investor-visa","jurisdiction":"KAZ","name":"Kazakhstan investor visa ('golden visa', инвесторская виза) with residence permit of up to 10 years","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"A foreigner who has invested the equivalent of at least USD 300,000 in the charter capital of a Kazakh company or in local listed securities (with a maturity of over 10 years, per MyBuh) within the 12 months before applying gets a petition for an investor visa valid for up to 10 years and can then obtain a residence permit for up to 10 years. Created by amendments to the Rules for issuing a petition for an investor visa (Order No. 1265 of the Minister for Investment and Development, 29 Dec 2015), approved on 30 April 2025 per the Foreign Ministry and in force ten days after official publication; the amending order and its in-force date were not read (adilet.zan.kz and gov.kz could not be fetched), so launched is empty. The 2015 investor visa itself predates the USD 300,000 threshold; whether it had a stated minimum was not checked. Press reports in August 2026 say the President asked Parliament to pass a law on the 'golden visa' and a new migration law quickly; not followed. Ordinary naturalisation in Kazakhstan requires 5 years' permanent residence; no investor route to citizenship found. No counts found (a 2025 headline asks how many investor applications were approved; not read).","source_ids":"kaz-astanatimes-investor-visa-2025;kaz-mybuh-investor-visa-2025","short_name":"Kazakhstan investor visa ('golden visa', инвесторская виза) with residence permit of up to 10 years"},{"program_id":"kor-fdi-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"KOR","name":"Korea residence (F-2) and permanent residence (F-5) for foreign direct investors under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act (Immigration Act Enforcement Decree, annex 1-2 item 24(라), annex 1-3 item 3)","kind":"residency","launched":"2002-04-18","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Separate from the real-estate and public-project investment immigration schemes (F-2 차; kor-real-estate-immigration, kor-public-investment-immigration). A foreign investor under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act gets residence (F-2) after investing US$500,000 and holding corporate-investor (D-8) status for 3 years, or after investing US$300,000 and employing 2 Koreans; permanent residence (F-5) after investing US$500,000 and employing 5 Koreans. Investment plus employment conditions; based on the current decree only. Launched 2002-04-18: the Immigration Control Act enforcement decree amendment of that date is the first version (versions 1966-2012 checked) with an investor route (stated novelty: permanent residence for investors; the F-2 investor wording may be older). No official counts by item found.","source_ids":"kor-moleg-immigration-decree-2026","short_name":"Korea residence (F-2) and permanent residence (F-5) for foreign direct investors under the Foreign Investment Promotion Act (Immigration Act Enforcement Decree, annex 1-2 item 24(라), annex 1-3 item 3)"},{"program_id":"kor-public-investment-immigration","jurisdiction":"KOR","name":"Public-project investment immigration (공익사업 투자이민제)","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-05","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Foreigners who place money in a public-interest fund run by the Korea Development Bank (principal returned without interest after five years, lent to small firms) or in designated development projects get F-2 residence and, after five years, F-5 permanent residence; the high-value scheme gives F-5 immediately on a pledge to keep the investment five years. General scheme 500m won (from May 2013), retirement scheme 300m won for 55+ (May 2013, abolished 29 June 2023), high-value 1.5bn won (Oct 2014). From 29 June 2023: 1.5bn and 3bn won.","source_ids":"kor-moj-public-investment-2023;kor-moj-public-investment-page-2026","short_name":"Public-project investment immigration"},{"program_id":"kor-real-estate-immigration","jurisdiction":"KOR","name":"Real-estate investment immigration (부동산 투자이민제), renamed tourism and resort facility investment immigration (관광·휴양시설 투자이민제) in 2023","kind":"residency","launched":"2010-02","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Foreigners who buy tourism or resort property above a threshold in areas designated by the Minister of Justice (Jeju, Incheon Songdo/Yeongjong/Cheongna, Busan Haeundae/East Busan, Pyeongchang Alpensia, Yeosu Gyeongdo) get a residence (F-2) visa and, after keeping the investment five years, permanent residence (F-5). Legal basis: Immigration Act Enforcement Decree (F-2/F-5 status) and Ministry of Justice notices; in Jeju also the Jeju Special Act art. 147. Threshold in Jeju 500 million won from 2010, 1 billion won everywhere from 1 May 2023, when investment was limited to resort condominiums, lodging and tourist pensions in tourism zones. Permanent residence leads to local voting rights, which drove the 2023 tightening. Overwhelmingly used by Chinese nationals.","source_ids":"kor-moj-tourism-investment-2023;kor-segye-jeju-2024","short_name":"Real-estate investment immigration"},{"program_id":"lka-golden-paradise","jurisdiction":"LKA","name":"Sri Lanka Golden Paradise Visa (Golden Paradise Residence Visa Program; 10-year residence visa for investors with a foreign-currency deposit)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-05-25","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Run by the Department of Immigration and Emigration under the Immigrants and Emigrants Act. Founding text is internal circular 01/2022/VISA of 25 May 2022 (no in-force date stated, so launched = circular date): deposit of US$100,000 in a Golden Paradise account at a licensed bank, US$50,000 to be kept from the second year, 10-year visa for the investor, spouse and children under 16, visa fee US$200 per person per year (US$2,000 for 10 years); the money may be used for approved investments, condominium purchase, leases or Sri Lanka Development Bonds. The current official page asks for US$200,000 with up to 50% withdrawable after a year; the date and instrument of that increase were not found. No official counts found.","source_ids":"lka-immig-gp-circular-2022;lka-immig-gpv-page-2026","short_name":"Sri Lanka Golden Paradise Visa (Golden Paradise Residence Visa Program; 10-year residence visa for investors with a foreign-currency deposit)"},{"program_id":"ltu-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"LTU","name":"Leidimas laikinai gyventi užsieniečiui, investavusiam į įmonę (Lithuanian temporary residence for company investors, Law on the Legal Status of Aliens art. 45(1)(1), (1¹), (2²))","kind":"residency","launched":"2004-04-30","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Temporary residence for a foreign participant or manager of a Lithuanian company: EUR 14,000 own investment in a company with at least EUR 28,000 equity and wage conditions, or EUR 260,000 investment with at least five jobs (added 2016), or managing a company with EUR 500,000 equity and ten jobs. The Commission (2019) dates Lithuania's scheme to 2004 and found no disaggregated statistics. No official counts found. Ordinary naturalisation requires 10 years of residence.","source_ids":"intl-ec-swd-2019-5;ltu-seimas-aliens-law-2026","short_name":"Company investor residence"},{"program_id":"lux-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"LUX","name":"Autorisation de séjour pour investisseur (Luxembourg investor residence permit, arts. 53bis-53quater of the immigration law)","kind":"residency","launched":"2017","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Added by a 2017 law amending the immigration law (8 March 2017 per the Finance Ministry FAQ, 20 March 2017 per Bill 8586; the law and its in-force date are not stored, so launched is given as the year only): residence for investing EUR 500,000 in an existing or new Luxembourg company, EUR 3 million in an investment and management structure, or EUR 20 million as a deposit with a Luxembourg financial institution; three-year title after a favourable opinion from the Economy or Finance ministry. Only 9 titles issued (2018-2024), none of the first 7 renewed. Government bill 8586 (21 Jul 2025) would repeal it; still in committee in Sep 2026. status = active until the repeal is adopted.","source_ids":"lux-chd-pl-8586-2025;lux-mfin-faq-investor-2018","short_name":"Investor residence permit"},{"program_id":"lva-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"LVA","name":"Latvia temporary residence permits for investors (Imigrācijas likums, 23. panta pirmās daļas 28.-31. punkts)","kind":"residency","launched":"2010-07-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Five-year renewable temporary residence permits (termiņuzturēšanās atļauja, TUA) for investors and their spouses and minor children, under art. 23(1) points 28 (company capital), 29 (real estate), 30 (subordinated liabilities with a Latvian bank) and 31 (interest-free state securities, 2015 to May 2026) of the 2002 Immigration Law; added by the law of 22.04.2010, in force 1 Jul 2010. Run by the Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP). Russian and Belarusian citizens excluded from 24 Sep 2022. The state-securities route was deleted from 20 May 2026; the property and bank routes ended when the new Immigration Law took effect on 15 Sep 2026, which keeps a two-year business-investment permit and adds an (not yet operational) EUR 150,000 state fund route, so the programme continues in reduced form. Under art. 24(1) point 7 of the 2002 law, a foreigner who has lived in Latvia continuously with a temporary residence permit for at least five years may request permanent residence (other conditions, such as language, apply; not detailed here). Citizenship rules not researched.","source_ids":"lva-likumi-immigration-law-2010-07;lva-likumi-immigration-law-2026-05;lva-likumi-immigration-law-new-2026;lva-pmlp-news-new-immigration-law-2026","short_name":"Investor residence permits"},{"program_id":"mac-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"MAC","name":"Macau temporary residence for investors (Decreto-Lei 14/95/M; Regulamento Administrativo 3/2005: relevant investments, investment plans and, 2005-2007, property purchase)","kind":"residency","launched":"1984-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Run by the Macao Trade and Investment Promotion Institute (IPIM). DL 14/95/M (in force 1 Apr 1995) let holders of relevant investments settle, including funds of at least MOP 1 million placed permanently in real estate or other productive assets (MOP 500,000 in property for Hong Kong retirees); permits for 3 years, renewable. RA 3/2005 (in force 4 Apr 2005) replaced it with residence for relevant investments or investment plans and a separate property-purchase route (property of at least MOP 1 million bought without credit, plus MOP 500,000 on term deposit and a degree); RA 7/2007 suspended the property route from 4 Apr 2007. The managerial and technical personnel routes of the same regime are talent routes, not in scope (technical personnel moved to Law 7/2023 from 1 Jul 2023). Launched 1984-01-01: in-force date of Decree-Law 50/83/M (official gazette copy from an archived snapshot); it was soon repealed by DL 3/84/M, and DL 14/95/M later refers to investor applications pending under DL 3/84/M. IPIM publishes yearly counts; new major-investment applications have been few since 2020 (0-6 a year).","source_ids":"mac-bo-dl-14-95-m;mac-bo-ra-3-2005;mac-bo-ra-7-2007;mac-ipim-tr-stats-2020;mac-ipim-tr-stats-2021;mac-ipim-tr-stats-2022;mac-ipim-tr-stats-2023;mac-ipim-tr-stats-2024","short_name":"Macau temporary residence for investors (Decreto-Lei 14/95/M; Regulamento Administrativo 3/2005: relevant investments, investment plans and, 2005-2007, property purchase)"},{"program_id":"mco-residence","jurisdiction":"MCO","name":"Carte de séjour de résident (Monaco residence card, including for persons of independent means)","kind":"residency","launched":"1964-03-20","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Ordonnance Souveraine 3.153 of 1964: a first-time resident card needs housing and either a work permit or proof of sufficient means (art. 6); ordinary 3-year and privileged 10-year cards follow. The law sets no amount; officials and media describe a EUR 500,000 deposit in a Monaco bank as the usual means test for those not working. Not an investment programme in the strict sense, and not specific to non-EU nationals. About 1,300 first-card applications a year (all applicants). launched = publication date of the ordinance (Journal de Monaco, 20 March 1964; signed 19 March 1964), because the ordinance states no in-force date. It replaced Ordonnance 3.772 of 12 November 1948 (not stored).","source_ids":"mco-legimonaco-os-3153;mco-tribune-2025-10-22;mco-tribune-2026-01-21","short_name":"Residence card"},{"program_id":"mdv-corporate-resident-visa","jurisdiction":"MDV","name":"Maldives Corporate Resident Visa (ކޯޕަރޭޓް ރެސިޑެންޓް ވީޒާ) for investors","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-04-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"A long-stay residence visa for foreigners who invest in the Maldives, issued under the Immigration Act (Law 1/2007). First set up by Regulation 2015/R-139 (in force on its gazette publication, 27 Apr 2015, art. 13): investors of USD 50 million in the Maldives, of USD 1 million deposited in a Maldivian bank for 2 years or put in a financial security, or of at least USD 1 million in real estate approved by a ministry, with spouse and children under 18, and for companies a limited number of directors and executives; USD 2,000 processing fee; the visa ran for the investment period, 5 years, or the title lease. Reformed by Regulation 2021/R-115 (in force on gazette publication, 29 Aug 2021, art. 22), run by the Registrar of Businesses: a USD 250,000 fixed deposit in a Maldivian bank for 5 years, or USD 250,000 invested in businesses the government designates, gives a 5-year renewable visa for the applicant and family (parents, spouse, children, grandparents, grandchildren); fee MVR 750 per three months (MVR 15,000 in total). The 2021 regulation also covers shareholders, directors and top-five managers of a registered foreign investment that employs at least 50% Maldivians and had USD 1 million revenue in one of the last three years; that branch rests on the company's figures, not a personal investment, so it is out of scope under decision 15 and is not recorded as a price. The 2021 text does not say it repeals the 2015 regulation; the 2015 amounts are recorded until 28 Aug 2021 on the assumption that the 2021 regulation replaced them, which no document read states. Art. 21 of the 2021 regulation requires the ministry to publish every quarter the number of visas issued and the nationalities on business.egov.mv; no such figures were found. Residence on this visa does not lead to citizenship (Maldivian citizenship is not available by naturalisation to non-Muslims; no investor route found). A separate 'Pearl Residence' programme announced with Henley & Partners in July 2025 is reported only by the press and was not found in the gazette. Status left empty: no official statement found on whether the visa is issued today.","source_ids":"mdv-gazette-crv-regulation-115r-2021;mdv-gazette-crv-regulation-2015","short_name":"Maldives Corporate Resident Visa (ކޯޕަރޭޓް ރެސިޑެންޓް ވީޒާ) for investors"},{"program_id":"mex-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"MEX","name":"Mexico temporary residence as investor (residente temporal, supuesto de inversionista: Ley de Migración 2011, Reglamento 2012, Lineamientos para trámites y procedimientos migratorios 2012)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-11-09","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Temporary residence (up to four years) for foreigners who hold shares in a Mexican company or fixed assets used for business worth 20,000 days of the general minimum wage of the Federal District (Mexico City), or whose business creates at least five formal jobs. Set in the 2012 migration procedure guidelines (in force the day after publication on 8 Nov 2012). Amounts are expressed in days of minimum wage, not pesos; whether they were later converted to UMA units or changed, and the consular visa criteria in the 2014 visa guidelines, were not checked, so current status is left blank. No statistics on investor residence cards were found. Naturalisation follows general rules (not researched).","source_ids":"mex-dof-lineamientos-tramites-2012","short_name":"Residence for investors"},{"program_id":"mlt-grp","jurisdiction":"MLT","name":"Global Residence Programme (GRP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-07-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Special tax status under the Income Tax Act (L.N. 167 of 2013, S.L. 123.148) for non-EU nationals who buy (EUR 275,000; EUR 220,000 south/Gozo) or rent (EUR 9,600/8,750 a year) property in Malta: 15% tax on foreign income remitted to Malta, minimum EUR 15,000 a year. A tax-residence scheme run by the Commissioner for Revenue rather than an immigration permit, but it lets holders reside in Malta. Succeeded the 2011 High Net Worth Individuals non-EU rules (mlt-hnwi-non-eu). From 1 Jan 2027 the Individual Tax Programme Rules (L.N. 195/2026) apply, with much higher thresholds; existing statuses and applications made by 31 Dec 2026 continue to 31 Dec 2031. No official numbers of beneficiaries or tax collected were found.","source_ids":"mlt-ln-2013-167;mlt-ln-2026-195;mlt-sl-123-148-2020","short_name":"Global Residence Programme"},{"program_id":"mlt-hnwi-non-eu","jurisdiction":"MLT","name":"High Net Worth Individuals - Non-EU/EEA/Swiss Nationals Rules (special tax status)","kind":"residency","launched":"2011-01-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2013-06-30","status":"closed","notes":"L.N. 403 of 2011 (S.L. 123.130), deemed in force 1 Jan 2011: 15% tax status for non-EU nationals buying property of at least EUR 400,000 or renting at EUR 20,000 a year, minimum tax EUR 25,000 plus EUR 5,000 per dependant. No applications after 30 Jun 2013 (L.N. 178 of 2013); holders could move to the GRP.","source_ids":"mlt-sl-123-130-2013","short_name":"High-net-worth tax status for non-EU"},{"program_id":"mlt-mprp","jurisdiction":"MLT","name":"Malta Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-03-29","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Successor to the Malta Residence and Visa Programme (MRVP). Run by Residency Malta Agency. No official application or approval statistics were found.","source_ids":"mlt-ln-2021-121;mlt-ln-2024-310;mlt-ln-2025-146;mlt-sl-217-26-2025","short_name":"Permanent Residence Programme"},{"program_id":"mlt-mrvp","jurisdiction":"MLT","name":"Malta Residence and Visa Programme (MRVP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-08-25","legal_basis":"","ended":"2021-03-29","status":"closed","notes":"Created by L.N. 288 of 2015 (S.L. 217.18): residence certificate entitling the holder to reside, settle or stay indefinitely in exchange for a EUR 30,000 contribution, a EUR 250,000 qualifying investment (government stocks) and a qualifying property (EUR 320,000/270,000 purchase or EUR 12,000/10,000 rent). Run by Identity Malta, from 2017 by the Malta Residence and Visa Agency (later Residency Malta Agency). Replaced by the MPRP on 29 Mar 2021; L.N. 122 of 2021 set deadlines for pending applications (end-2021 / 31 Mar 2022). Most applicants were Chinese nationals. ended = closure to new applications.","source_ids":"mlt-ln-2015-288;mlt-ln-2017-189;mlt-ln-2021-122;mlt-sl-217-18-2024","short_name":"Residence and Visa Programme"},{"program_id":"mne-property-residence","jurisdiction":"MNE","name":"Montenegro temporary residence for owners of real property (Zakon o strancima, art. 54 (2016 text) / art. 56 (2018 law); EUR 150,000 minimum from the 2025 amendment)","kind":"residency","launched":"2015-04-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Montenegro's Law on Foreigners allows temporary residence 'for the use and disposal of rights to real property' a foreigner owns in Montenegro (houses, villas, flats, hospitality and business premises). Until 2026 the law set no minimum value (a 2015 decree on the type and value of such property, Sl. list CG 61/15, was repealed by the 2016 amendment). The amendment adopted on 31 December 2025 requires proof that the property's real-estate transfer tax base is at least EUR 150,000 (EU/EEA/Swiss nationals exempt); media reports of EUR 200,000 are not what the adopted text says. Launched 2015-04-01: the date the 2014 Law on Foreigners applies from (it enters into force on the eighth day after a publication date that isn't stored); the government's 2014 explanatory memorandum calls the property ground new; the 2026 entry-into-force date (eighth day after publication) is not stored, since the Službeni list publication is not stored, so the EUR 150,000 rule has no valid_from. Separate from the closed citizenship programme mne-cbi.","source_ids":"mne-skupstina-aliens-amend-2016;mne-skupstina-aliens-amend-2025","short_name":"Montenegro temporary residence for owners of real property (Zakon o strancima, art. 54 (2016 text) / art. 56 (2018 law); EUR 150,000 minimum from the 2025 amendment)"},{"program_id":"mus-family-op","jurisdiction":"MUS","name":"Mauritius Family Occupation Permit (USD 250,000 contribution to the COVID-19 Projects Development Fund)","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-08-05","legal_basis":"","ended":"2026-08-12","status":"closed","notes":"A 10-year residence and work permit for an applicant, spouse, dependants and household staff in return for a non-refundable USD 250,000 contribution to the COVID-19 Projects Development Fund (Immigration Act s. 9CA, inserted by the Finance (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2021; Immigration Act 2022 s. 14). The criteria were restated in the Finance Act 2025. Act 13 of 2026 (in force 13 Aug 2026) repealed them (EDB Act First Schedule Part II) and repealed Section F (s. 14) of the Immigration Act 2022, ending the permit. No figures on permits issued or money raised were found. launched is the Act's assent and Gazette date (Government Gazette No. 121 of 5 August 2021): the commencement section (s. 97) sets no other date for s. 37, so no separate in-force date is stated.","source_ids":"mus-act-13-2026-efmmp;mus-edb-act-consol-2026;mus-fa-2021;mus-fa-2025;mus-immigration-act-2022","short_name":"Family Occupation Permit"},{"program_id":"mus-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"MUS","name":"Mauritius Golden Visa Scheme (USD 1 million investment, path to permanent residence)","kind":"residency","launched":"2026-08","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Announced in the 2026/27 Budget and run by the Economic Development Board with the Passport and Immigration Office. The applicant signs an undertaking to invest at least USD 1 million in a qualifying sector (financial services, fintech, ICT, tourism, manufacturing, healthcare, education, renewable energy, blue economy, creative and knowledge-based industries) within 12 months of the visa being issued, and shows a bank balance of USD 1 million; he and his spouse and children get a multi-entry visa valid up to two years, renewable, with no processing fee and a five-working-day target. Once the USD 1 million is invested in a qualifying business activity within the 12 months, the holder can apply for a Permanent Residence Permit; failure can lead to cancellation or non-renewal. Holders may buy residential property under the IRS, RES, PDS and Smart City schemes. launched is the month of the EDB guidelines (August 2026), the earliest official operating text found; no regulation or Finance Act provision is cited, and the press (Bloomberg, Fortune, May 2026) reported the plan, including a target of 100 investors a year, which was not found in an official text. Status active: the EDB guidelines describe the application process as open on NELS. No counts. Separate from the older investor occupation permit and property-purchase residence (mus-investor-permit, mus-property-residence).","source_ids":"mus-edb-golden-visa-guideline-2026;mus-edb-newsletter-golden-visa-2026","short_name":"Mauritius Golden Visa Scheme (USD 1 million investment, path to permanent residence)"},{"program_id":"mus-investor-permit","jurisdiction":"MUS","name":"Mauritius Occupation Permit for investors, and permanent residence for investors","kind":"residency","launched":"2006-10-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Combined work and residence permit for a non-citizen investing in a Mauritian business (Immigration Act 1970 s. 9A from 1 Oct 2006; now Immigration Act 2022 s. 12; criteria in the First Schedule to the EDB Act). Minimum USD 100,000 before 2020, USD 50,000 from 2020, both USD 50,000 and USD 100,000 options from Aug 2025, USD 100,000 only from Aug 2026, with turnover targets. Valid 10 years since 2020 (3 years before). Permanent residence (20 years) after 5 years (3 before Aug 2025) with turnover of MUR 15 million a year; a direct permanent-residence route for an investment of USD 500,000, cut to USD 375,000 in 2020, was dropped in 2025; from Aug 2026 golden visa holders investing USD 1 million qualify. EDB reported 918 active investor occupation permits on 30 June 2021.","source_ids":"mus-edb-act-consol-2026;mus-edb-ar-2021;mus-edb-web-investor-2026;mus-fa-2020;mus-fa-2025;mus-immigration-act-consol-2011","short_name":"Investor occupation permit"},{"program_id":"mus-property-residence","jurisdiction":"MUS","name":"Mauritius residence permit through property acquisition (Integrated Resort Scheme, Real Estate Scheme, Invest Hotel Scheme, Property Development Scheme, Smart City Scheme, G+2 apartments)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Buying qualifying residential property gives the buyer, spouse and dependants a residence permit for as long as the property is held, and the right to work or invest without an occupation permit. Threshold USD 375,000 since the Finance (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2020 (earlier USD 500,000 for RES, PDS and Smart City Scheme; IRS ownership gave residence with no price set in the Act as consolidated to 2009, while the Board of Investment's December 2007 IRS guidelines set IRS units at above USD 500,000 and grant the residence permit under reg. 22(1) of the IRS Regulations 2007). Senior-living PDS property above USD 200,000 for buyers over 50 since 2023. Approved by the Economic Development Board; now Immigration Act 2022 s. 8. EDB processing fee Rs 25,000 per property application (GN 69 of 2024). Start date not established: the Integrated Resort Scheme is older than the 2007 Real Estate Development Scheme Regulations (in operation 29 Nov 2007, which 'amended' the IRS and added the RES), but the original IRS regulations (reportedly 2002) and the Immigration Act amendment that first gave IRS owners resident status were not found; the Immigration Act as consolidated to 2011 shows s. 5 amended in 2002 (Act 20 of 2002, w.e.f. 1 Sep 2002), 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 without saying which amendment added the IRS paragraph. A path to permanent residence (20 years) exists only for other permit categories; citizenship by naturalisation normally needs 5 of 7 years' residence plus 12 months (Citizenship Act s. 9). EDB published 286 residential acquisition authorisations in FY2020/21; no count of residence permits issued under the schemes was found.","source_ids":"mus-boi-irs-guidelines-2007;mus-boi-web-reds-2007;mus-edb-guidelines-irs-res-pds-2024;mus-fa-2015;mus-fa-2020;mus-fa-2021;mus-fa-2023;mus-gn-69-2024-edb-fees;mus-immigration-act-2022;mus-immigration-act-consol-2011","short_name":"Residence through property purchase"},{"program_id":"mys-mm2h","jurisdiction":"MYS","name":"Malaysia My Second Home (MM2H) / Program Malaysia Rumah Keduaku","kind":"residency","launched":"2002","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Long-term social visit pass with multiple-entry visa for foreigners who show money in Malaysia; not permanent residence and no route to citizenship (minister, Feb 2026). Run by the Ministry of Tourism (MOTAC) with the Home Ministry and Immigration Department; Immigration (JIM) took over processing from August 2021 and MOTAC's One Stop Centre runs it again under the 2024 rules. No act of parliament: it is an administrative programme using passes under the Immigration Act and Immigration circulars (e.g. Pekeliling Imigresen Bil. 6/2009). Until 2020: 10-year pass, fixed deposit of about RM150,000-350,000 and offshore income of RM10,000 a month. New applications frozen in 2020; revived from October 2021 with RM1m deposit, RM40,000 monthly income, RM1.5m liquid assets and 5-year passes. Since June 2024: Platinum (US$1m deposit, RM2m home, 20 years), Gold (US$500k, RM1m home, 15 years), Silver (US$150k, RM600k home, 5 years) and a Special Economic/Financial Zone category (US$32k-65k, Forest City homes, 10 years). Sarawak runs its own S-MM2H (not covered here).","source_ids":"mys-malaymail-mm2h-homes-2026;mys-motac-mm2h-categories-2025;mys-pac-mm2h-dr5-2022;mys-parl-pq-lisan22-2019;mys-parl-pq-lisan27-2021","short_name":"My Second Home (MM2H)"},{"program_id":"mys-pvip","jurisdiction":"MYS","name":"Premium Visa Programme (PVIP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-09-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Immigration Department scheme launched 1 Sept 2022 giving wealthy foreigners a residence pass approved for 20 years (passes of 5+5+5+5 years). Status active: in October 2026 the Immigration Department's homepage links to the PVIP section of its online services portal, which offers applicant and agency registration and status inquiries, terms and conditions and an FAQ (both PDF files dated 23 Jan 2026) and a list of 50 authorised application agencies (dated 5 Oct 2026). Terms as stated in January 2026: participation fee RM200,000 for the principal (RM2,000 paid online at application, RM198,000 after approval; non-refundable) and RM100,000 per dependant (RM50,000 for a dependant who takes a 10-year approval); a fixed deposit of RM1,000,000 in a licensed Malaysian bank, of which 50% may be withdrawn after six months for property, medical or education costs; onshore and offshore income of RM40,000 a month (RM480,000 a year) or, as an alternative, a net worth of at least RM1 billion; a pass fee of RM2,000 a year plus visa fee and security bond by nationality; no age limit; children up to 25, parents and parents-in-law as dependants; extension after 20 years at half the then current participation fee; applications only through agencies registered with the Immigration Department. When the net-worth alternative, the 10-year dependant option and the six-month withdrawal rule started is not printed. The 2022 press account gave a quota of 20,000 in phase one. No official count of PVIP passes issued was found.","source_ids":"mys-aseanbriefing-pvip-2023;mys-fmt-pvip-2022;mys-imi-eservices-pvip-2026;mys-imi-pvip-agencies-2026;mys-imi-pvip-faq-2026;mys-imi-pvip-terms-2026","short_name":"Premium Visa Programme"},{"program_id":"mys-sarawak-mm2h","jurisdiction":"MYS","name":"Sarawak-Malaysia My Second Home (S-MM2H) programme","kind":"residency","launched":"2007","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Separate programme run by the Sarawak Ministry of Tourism, Creative Industry and Performing Arts (Sarawak controls immigration into the state), distinct from the federal MM2H (mys-mm2h). Under the guide amended 31 Jul 2025 (rules effective 1 Jan 2025 per the minister): applicants aged 30+, a mandatory RM500,000 fixed deposit in a panel bank in Sarawak (RM250,000 minimum balance to be kept; up to 50% withdrawable after a year for a house, car, medical or education costs in Sarawak) and, in addition, a pension or offshore income of RM10,000 a month (RM15,000 with dependants) or savings of RM100,000 (RM200,000); a one-off RM5,000 processing fee; 5+5-year social visit pass; at least 30 days a year in Sarawak. Before 2025 the deposit was RM150,000 for individuals and RM300,000 for couples (as reported). Deposit plus income, like the federal MM2H. Start: launched is 2007, the earliest year in an official statement: the minister (19 Nov 2024, as reported and reposted on the ministry's site) counted 1,240 participants approved from 2007 to 2019; no founding text or launch announcement was found, so the programme may be older. The Sarawak Immigration Department ran it until the state tourism ministry took over in 2020; licensing of S-MM2H agents was delegated to Sarawak from 1 Nov 2024. Reported counts: 1,526 participants approved from 2020 to October 2024; 450 applicants with RM90 million in fixed deposits as of October 2024 (period unclear). Top nationalities since 2007 as given by the minister (China 408 applicants, UK 355, Taiwan 265, Hong Kong 260, USA 216; another statement gave China 391, UK 350) are not recorded because it is not clear whether they count applications or approvals.","source_ids":"mys-swk-mtcp-smm2h-agents-2024;mys-swk-mtcp-smm2h-approvals-2024;mys-swk-mtcp-smm2h-guide-2025;mys-swk-mtcp-smm2h-news-2024;mys-swk-mtcp-smm2h-syarat-2024","short_name":"Sarawak-Malaysia My Second Home (S-MM2H) programme"},{"program_id":"nic-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"NIC","name":"Nicaragua residence as investor (residente inversionista, Ley 761 Ley General de Migración y Extranjería arts. 32, 35; nationality for investor residents art. 55)","kind":"residency","launched":"1993-05-30","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Investor residence for foreigners who invest capital in any lawful economic activity, or in state or national financial-institution securities and bonds; investor status certified by MIFIC, requirements set by regulation (Decreto 31-2012, not read). Investor residents who have set up an industry or activity contributing to development may naturalise after two years of permanent residence. No amount in the law; press and industry cite USD 30,000 (not confirmed from an official text). Launched 1993-05-30: Ley 153 (La Gaceta 80 of 30 April 1993), which creates the 'inmigrante con capital' category, comes into force 30 days after publication (date computed); it repealed Decreto 1031 of 1982, which was not read. Ley 761 (in force August 2011) continues the category. In scope under decision 15 (refined): the law leaves the amount to regulation, so the investment rule is recorded with the amount unset.","source_ids":"nic-dgme-inversionistas-2019;nic-gaceta-125-2011-ley-761","short_name":"Nicaragua residence as investor (residente inversionista, Ley 761 Ley General de Migración y Extranjería arts. 32, 35; nationality for investor residents art. 55)"},{"program_id":"nld-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"NLD","name":"Verblijfsregeling vermogende vreemdeling / buitenlandse investeerder (Dutch residence scheme for wealthy foreigners or foreign investors)","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-10-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"2024-04-17","status":"closed","notes":"Art. 3.29a Vreemdelingenbesluit 2000 (Modern Migration Policy, in force 1 Oct 2013) and Vreemdelingencirculaire B11/2.2: temporary residence permit for investing at least EUR 1,250,000 in an innovative Dutch company or SEED fund, with added value tested by RVO and an FIU check. Fewer than ten permits were ever issued. Abolition decided 11 Jan 2021; abolished from 17 Apr 2024 by Staatsblad 2024, 83 (not 1 Jan 2024). Existing permits keep their validity and can be renewed. Normal naturalisation rules (5 years) apply.","source_ids":"nld-ah-tk-20192020-867;nld-kst-30573-182;nld-stb-2024-83;nld-stcrt-2024-13488","short_name":"Residence for wealthy foreigners"},{"program_id":"npl-investor-residential-visa","jurisdiction":"NPL","name":"Nepal residential visa for investors (US$100,000 in the industrial sector)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Nepal grants a residential visa (issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs, renewed by the Department of Immigration) to, among others, investors who invest at least US$100,000 at one time in the industrial sector. Source is a Nepalese embassy information page; the Immigration Rules 2051 (1994) and any amendments that set the category were not read, so launched is empty. Annual renewal and other conditions are reported by secondary sources only. No counts found.","source_ids":"npl-embassy-muscat-visa-2026","short_name":"Nepal residential visa for investors (US$100,000 in the industrial sector)"},{"program_id":"nzl-aip","jurisdiction":"NZL","name":"Active Investor Plus Visa (resident visa)","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-09-19","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Resident visa for investors, run by Immigration New Zealand, with Invest New Zealand (formerly NZTE) deciding which funds and direct investments are acceptable. Opened 19 Sept 2022 with a NZ$15 million threshold or weighted equivalent (direct investment weighted 3x, so NZ$5 million minimum; listed equities capped at 50%, bonds and property excluded), 117 days in NZ over four years and an English requirement. Few applications under those settings (115 to 31 Mar 2025). Revamped from 1 April 2025: Growth category NZ$5 million for 3 years (managed funds, direct investment; 21 days in NZ) and Balanced category NZ$10 million for 5 years (adds bonds, listed equities, property development; 105 days); English requirement removed. Applications then rose sharply (949 by 24 Sep 2026; 496 approved, about NZ$2.88bn committed), led by US, Chinese and Hong Kong applicants. Build to Rent funds to be added to Growth from December 2026. Holders can apply for permanent residence after the investment period; citizenship through the ordinary residence route.","source_ids":"nzl-inz-aip-btr-2026;nzl-inz-aip-release-2025;nzl-inz-aip-stats-2026;nzl-inz-aip-visa-2026;nzl-inz-ops-bn3-2022;nzl-mbie-cab-regs-2022","short_name":"Active Investor Plus visa"},{"program_id":"nzl-investor-1","jurisdiction":"NZL","name":"Investor 1 Category (Migrant Investment Policy)","kind":"residency","launched":"2009-07-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"2022-07-27","status":"closed","notes":"Resident visa (permanent residence from the start, with conditions) for investing NZ$10 million in acceptable New Zealand investments for three years; no age, English or business-experience test. Investor had to spend a minimum time in New Zealand (73 days a year at first; from 2017, 44 days in each of the final two years, or 88 days over three years with NZ$2.5m in 'growth investments'). Created with Investor 2 by immigration instructions effective 27 July 2009; closed to new applications on 27 July 2022 (instructions shown 'to 28/07/2022') when Active Investor Plus replaced it; applications already lodged kept being processed (125 in progress in Dec 2023). Citizenship can follow through the ordinary residence route. Cabinet paper (2022): NZ$6.78bn initial investment and 679 investors over 13 years.","source_ids":"nzl-inz-ops-bj2-1-2009;nzl-inz-ops-bj3-2016;nzl-mbie-cab-investor-2022;nzl-mbie-cab-regs-2022;nzl-mbie-oia-2324-1201-2023","short_name":"Investor 1 visa"},{"program_id":"nzl-investor-2","jurisdiction":"NZL","name":"Investor 2 Category (Migrant Investment Policy)","kind":"residency","launched":"2009-07-27","legal_basis":"","ended":"2022-07-27","status":"closed","notes":"Points-based resident visa (expression of interest, then invitation to apply) for investors with business experience and English, investing NZ$1.5 million for four years (plus NZ$1 million settlement funds) from 27 July 2009, and NZ$3 million from 22 May 2017, when the settlement-funds rule was dropped and the annual cap rose from 300 to 400 approvals. Investor had to spend 146 days a year in New Zealand in the final three years (or 438 days over four years with 25% in growth investments, from 2017). Closed permanently to new applications on 27 July 2022; pipeline still processed (277 in progress in Dec 2023). Cabinet paper (2022): NZ$5.184bn initial investment and 2,385 investors since 2009.","source_ids":"nzl-inz-ops-bj2-10-2017;nzl-inz-ops-bj2-2-2009;nzl-inz-ops-bj2-5-2017;nzl-mbie-cab-investor-2022;nzl-mbie-cab-regs-2022","short_name":"Investor 2 visa"},{"program_id":"omn-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"OMN","name":"Investor Residency Programme (إقامة مستثمر), relaunched in 2025 as the 10-Year Golden Residency","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-09-29","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Launched by the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Investment Promotion on 29 Sep 2021 (applications from 3 Oct 2021); the launch date is the ministry's announcement, because the decision creating the programme has not been found. First category (10-year card): OMR 500,000 in a joint-stock company, government bonds or (from March 2022, Ministerial Decision 58/2022) residential property, or a company employing 50 Omanis. Second category (5-year card): OMR 250,000. Retirees also eligible. Visa and residence fees set by ROP Decision 234/2021 (OMR 500 / OMR 300, renewal every three years). On 31 Aug 2025 the ministry launched a '10-Year Golden Residency' with seven routes and a single OMR 200,000 minimum; its legal instrument and fees were not found, and it is not clear whether the 5-year category remains. Investors are 'not entitled to claim Omani citizenship, except under the existing regulations'. A separate owner residence for any property owner (no minimum in the text) was set by ROP Decision 87/2026.","source_ids":"omn-fm-irp-launch-2021;omn-investoman-golden-residency-2025;omn-mhup-dec-58-2022;omn-rop-dec-234-2021","short_name":"Investor residency (Golden Residency)"},{"program_id":"omn-itc-property-residence","jurisdiction":"OMN","name":"Oman residence for owners of property in Integrated Tourism Complexes (نظام تملك العقارات في المجمعات السياحية المتكاملة; Royal Decree 12/2006 art. 8)","kind":"residency","launched":"2006-02-19","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Non-Omanis may buy built units or plots in licensed Integrated Tourism Complexes; the owner of a built unit and first-degree relatives may be granted residence (Royal Decree 12/2006 art. 8). Under the 2007 executive regulations the residence is for two years, renewed automatically every two years for six years; owners of a building plot get a two-year multiple-entry investor visa until construction is completed. No minimum price is set in the texts read. 'launched' is the decree's in-force date (date of issue, 19 Feb 2006; published 1 Mar 2006). Separate from omn-investor-residence (2021, which also has OMR 250,000/500,000 property categories under MD 58/2022). MD 109/2022 (in force 30 May 2022) rewrote art. 2 of the regulations (who may own ITC units; usufruct only in Musandam) and left the residence articles unchanged, so the system was still in force in 2022. ROP Decision 87/2026 (in force 22 Jun 2026) gives an 'owner residence' without sponsor to any foreigner owning a registered or not-yet-registered property unit, which would cover ITC owners, but it does not mention ITCs. No repeal of Royal Decree 12/2006 was found, but no current official page on ITC residence was reached (the housing ministry and ROP sites did not respond), so status is left empty. No official counts found. In scope under decision 15 (refined): buying property is in even without a minimum price; the purchase rule is recorded with the amount unset.","source_ids":"omn-md-191-2007-itc-regulations;omn-mhup-dec-109-2022;omn-rd-12-2006-itc-ownership;omn-rop-dec-87-2026","short_name":"Oman residence for owners of property in Integrated Tourism Complexes (نظام تملك العقارات في المجمعات السياحية المتكاملة; Royal Decree 12/2006 art. 8)"},{"program_id":"pan-agrarian-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama temporary residence as agrarian investor (Inversionista Agrario)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Temporary residence for foreigners who have invested at least B/.60,000, personally or through a company, in agriculture, livestock or aquaculture in lines the Agriculture Ministry considers of national interest, plus B/.500 per dependant; valid six years, renewable every two (DE 320 of 2008, arts. 95-99). SNM approvals: 35 in 2010-2021 (none above 12 a year), and 3 extensions in 2023. The current SNM sheet restates B/.60,000, B/.500 per dependant and six years, but mentions only personal investment (not through a company); fees B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM). Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found. No amending decree for this category was found in the SNM decree list.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-agrario;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021;pan-snm-residencia-2023","short_name":"Panama temporary residence as agrarian investor (Inversionista Agrario)"},{"program_id":"pan-call-center-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as call-centre investor (Inversionista de Centro de Llamadas para Uso Comercial (Call Center) para Exportación)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"2002","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for foreigners investing in a company providing call-centre services for export; DE 320 of 2008 (arts. 214-216) gives it the same requirements as the export processing zone investor permit (B/.250,000 from abroad, art. 211) and says this follows Decreto Ejecutivo 97 of 2002 (not stored), which may itself have created the permit. SNM approvals: 2 in 2013, 81 in 2021, 39 in 2022; not shown separately in 2023-2026. The current SNM sheet repeats art. 214 (same requirements as the processing-zone permit) and charges B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM); it states no amount of its own. Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-call-center;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021;pan-snm-residencia-2022","short_name":"Panama residence as call-centre investor (Inversionista de Centro de Llamadas para Uso Comercial (Call Center) para Exportación)"},{"program_id":"pan-ciudad-saber-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as investor or businessperson in the City of Knowledge (Inversionista o Empresario Ciudad del Saber)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"1999","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"SNM category for businesspeople at the City of Knowledge (Ciudad del Saber), a research and business park run by a foundation under Decreto Ley 6 of 1999. In the 2008 regulation (DE 320, art. 113) the matching subcategory is 'empresario o ejecutivo' of the City of Knowledge Foundation: it needs the Foundation's certificate that the company may operate there and a parent-company letter, and sets no investment amount. Launch is left empty because no stored text makes investing the route; whether the category is in scope under decision 15 needs a second look. SNM approvals: 301 in 2010-2021, 5 extensions in 2023, 48 in 2024. The current SNM sheet for the businessperson or executive of the City of Knowledge Foundation (DE 320 arts. 108, 113-114) asks for the Foundation's authorisation of the company and a parent-company letter, and sets no investment amount and no fee; status active because the SNM lists it as a current category and approved 48 permits in 2024. Launch stays empty and the scope question stands: nothing in the current sheet makes investing the route.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-ciudad-saber-empresario;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021;pan-snm-residencia-2023;pan-snm-residencia-2024","short_name":"Panama residence as investor or businessperson in the City of Knowledge (Inversionista o Empresario Ciudad del Saber)"},{"program_id":"pan-film-industry-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as film and audiovisual industry investor (Inversionista de la Industria Cinematográfica y Audiovisual)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"2007","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for foreigners who invest more than B/.150,000 from abroad in the film industry, in a company authorised under the special regime of Ley 36 of 2007 (not stored), certified by the Panama Film Commission (DE 320 of 2008, arts. 217-219); no amount per dependant is set. Fees are the general art. 315 rates for permanent permits for special policies (B/.250 application, B/.100 card). The category has no row in the stored SNM residence tables 2010-2026 (only 'Empleados de Empresas Cinematográficas', staff permits, which are out of scope). The current SNM sheet restates more than B/.150,000 and charges B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM), which differs from the art. 315 fees above. Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found. No approvals appear in any SNM table, so whether anyone has used it is unknown.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-cine;pan-snm-req-index-2026","short_name":"Panama residence as film and audiovisual industry investor (Inversionista de la Industria Cinematográfica y Audiovisual)"},{"program_id":"pan-forestry-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as forestry investor (Inversionista Forestal)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence for foreigners investing in reforestation or forest plantations authorised by the National Environment Authority, personally or through a company (at most two foreign applicants per company). DE 320 of 2008 sets two permits: temporary, B/.60,000 on at least 10 hectares, six years renewable every two (arts. 95, 100-102); permanent, B/.80,000 on at least 20 hectares (arts. 180-182); B/.2,000 more per dependant in both. SNM approvals fell from 71 in 2010 to 2 in 2020 and none in 2021; the category does not appear separately in the 2022-2026 tables. The OECD listed a Panama 'Reforestation Investor Visa' as potentially high-risk for tax reporting in October 2018; in its 20 November 2018 version the scheme ('Reforestation Investor Permit') moved to a separate table in which only Panamanian ID cards with reference code 'PRP-FOR' count as potentially high-risk. Launch is the 2008 regulation, the first stored text; the SNM table note says its series also rests on the 1960 migration law. Current status and amendments after 2008 not checked.","source_ids":"pan-go-de199-2021;pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-forestal-permanente;pan-snm-req-forestal-temporal;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Panama residence as forestry investor (Inversionista Forestal)"},{"program_id":"pan-friendly-nations","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama Friendly Nations residence (Residente Permanente en calidad de nacionales de países específicos que mantienen relaciones amistosas, profesionales, económicas y de inversión; 'Países Amigos')","kind":"residency","launched":"2021-08-07","legal_basis":"2012-06-18","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence for nationals of a closed list of countries (24 in 2012, about 50 by 2021). First created by DE 343 of 16 May 2012 (not seen; known from its repeal), replaced by DE 416 of 13 June 2012 (Gaceta 27058-A). Until 2021 it needed only an economic or professional activity and a modest bank balance, not an investment. From 7 Aug 2021 (DE 197 and DE 226 of 2021) applicants get a two-year provisional permit and must show either a job with a work permit, real estate worth at least B/.200,000, or a B/.200,000 three-year fixed deposit; permanent residence follows after two years. Not an investment programme in the strict sense: the SNM statistics count all Friendly Nations permits, whatever the route. Naturalisation rules are the general constitutional ones (not checked in this pass).","source_ids":"pan-go-de197-2021;pan-go-de226-2021;pan-go-de416-2012;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Friendly Nations residence"},{"program_id":"pan-macro-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as investor in a large business (Inversionista de Macro-empresa)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence for foreigners who are sole holders of shares worth at least B/.160,000 in a company with a commercial licence (DE 320 of 2008, arts. 185-186). SNM approvals fell to 10-15 a year by 2020-2021; the category no longer appears separately in the 2022-2026 tables. The current SNM sheet restates B/.160,000 per applicant, B/.2,000 per dependant and five Panamanian employees per applicant, and says the first permit is a two-year provisional one; fees B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM). Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-req-macroempresa;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Large-business investor residence"},{"program_id":"pan-panama-pacifico-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as investor in the Panamá-Pacífico special economic area (Inversionista del Área Económica Especial Panamá-Pacífico)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"2004","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for foreigners who invest at least B/.250,000 from abroad in the risk capital of a company of the Panamá-Pacífico special economic area (the former Howard air base) or its developer or operator; the company must be authorised under Ley 41 of 2004 (not stored) and employ at least three Panamanians (DE 320 of 2008, arts. 206-208). The SNM tables have no separate investor row for the area (only employee and technician categories). The current SNM sheet restates B/.250,000 and three Panamanian employees; fees B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM); its legal basis cites DE 320 as amended by DE 26 of 2 March 2009 (not stored). Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-req-panama-pacifico","short_name":"Panama residence as investor in the Panamá-Pacífico special economic area (Inversionista del Área Económica Especial Panamá-Pacífico)"},{"program_id":"pan-processing-zone-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as investor in an export processing zone (Inversionista en Zonas Procesadoras para la Exportación)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"1992","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for foreigners who invest at least B/.250,000 from abroad in a promoter or operator of an export processing zone or a company in one (DE 320 of 2008, arts. 211-213), referring to the zones law, Ley 25 of 1992 (not stored). SNM approvals ('Inversionista o Empr. de Zonas Procesadoras'): 52 in 2010-2021, at most 16 a year. The current SNM sheet restates B/.250,000 from abroad; fees B/.250 (Treasury) plus B/.800 (SNM); legal basis DE 320 as amended by DE 26 of 2009 (not stored). Not shown separately in SNM tables after 2021 (small categories are grouped as other categories from 2024). Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the SNM's current website lists a requirements sheet for this category among residence permits (pan-snm-req-index-2026), and no repeal or suspension was found.","source_ids":"pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-req-zonas-procesadoras;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Panama residence as investor in an export processing zone (Inversionista en Zonas Procesadoras para la Exportación)"},{"program_id":"pan-qualified-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama Qualified Investor Program (Residente Permanente en calidad de Inversionista Calificado)","kind":"residency","launched":"2020-10-16","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Direct permanent residence (no provisional stage) for a qualifying investment from foreign funds, held for five years. Two steps: MICI (Dirección Nacional de Promoción de la Inversión) issues an investment certificate, then the SNM grants the permit (30 working days by decree). Created by Decreto Ejecutivo 722 of 15 Oct 2020 (Gaceta 29136, 16 Oct 2020); amended by DE 109 of 2022 and DE 193 of 2024; replaced ('subrogado') by DE 17 of 8 Sept 2026 (Gaceta 30613, 16 Sept 2026). Routes: real estate (incl. presale contracts), securities via the Panama stock exchange, fixed-term bank deposit. Citizenship: DE 17 art. 14 says holders and dependants may apply for naturalisation after five consecutive years of residence, under the Constitution. Applications can be filed from abroad through a lawyer.","source_ids":"pan-go-de109-2022;pan-go-de17-2026;pan-go-de193-2024;pan-go-de722-2020","short_name":"Qualified Investor Program"},{"program_id":"pan-small-business-investor","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama residence as small-business investor (Inversionista de Pequeña Empresa)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"Known only from the SNM statistics: 478 permits approved 2010-2021, 180 of them in 2010, falling to none after 2016 apart from 1 in 2019. No stored document sets its requirements or start: the 2008 migration regulation (DE 320) has no small-business investor section, so the category may come from earlier rules. Status still blank (checked 2026-10-11): the category has no requirements sheet among the SNM's current residence categories (pan-snm-req-index-2026) and no section in DE 320, but no repeal act or official statement closing it was found; the last approval in the stored tables is 1 in 2019.","source_ids":"pan-snm-req-index-2026;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Panama residence as small-business investor (Inversionista de Pequeña Empresa)"},{"program_id":"pan-solvencia-economica","jurisdiction":"PAN","name":"Panama permanent residence for own economic solvency (Residente Permanente por Solvencia Económica Propia)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-26","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Older investor residence under the 2008 migration regulation (DE 320 of 8 Aug 2008, arts. 191-195): B/.300,000 of foreign funds in real estate, a three-year fixed deposit, or a mix of both. SNM statistics show it as a provisional permit followed by a permanent one. A similar 'Solvencia Propia' status existed before 2008 under Decreto Ley 16 of 1960 (the SNM series from 2010 includes it). DE 722 of 2020 and DE 17 of 2026 let pending or current Solvencia holders switch to the Qualified Investor route. Amendments after 2008 were not checked.","source_ids":"pan-go-de17-2026;pan-go-de320-2008;pan-snm-residencia-2010-2021","short_name":"Residence by own economic solvency"},{"program_id":"per-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"PER","name":"Peru residence as investor (calidad migratoria de residencia 'Inversionista', Decreto Legislativo 1350 art. 29.2(f); Reglamento D.S. 007-2017-IN art. 86)","kind":"residency","launched":"2017-03-01","legal_basis":"1991-12-05","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence status for a foreigner who establishes, develops or manages a lawful investment; the law leaves the amount to the regulation, and Migraciones requires an investment of at least S/ 500,000 made by one international transfer through a supervised bank, for a 365-day renewable stay. Launched 2017-03-01 (DL 1350 creates the 'Inversionista' status); legal basis 1991-12-05: the 1991 Ley de Extranjería (DL 703, published 5 Nov 1991, in force on the 30th day, date computed) put investors in the broader 'Independiente' status; an investor status existed before DL 1350 under the 1991 law and a 2012 procedures text (a 2018 Migraciones appeal decision mentions a US$30,000 investment under D.S. 003-2012-IN; not stored because it names the applicant), and those texts were not read. No counts found.","source_ids":"per-dl-1350-2017;per-migraciones-inversionista-2024","short_name":"Peru residence as investor (calidad migratoria de residencia 'Inversionista', Decreto Legislativo 1350 art. 29.2(f); Reglamento D.S. 007-2017-IN art. 86)"},{"program_id":"phl-sirv","jurisdiction":"PHL","name":"Special Investor's Resident Visa (SIRV)","kind":"residency","launched":"1986-11-07","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Indefinite residence for foreigners aged 21+ who invest at least US$75,000 in a listed company, an Investment Priority Plan project, or manufacturing or services; issued by the Bureau of Immigration through the Board of Investments' One Stop SIRV Center. Legal basis usually given as Executive Order 226 (Omnibus Investments Code of 1987) and EO 63; not checked in the text of the orders here. No official counts found.","source_ids":"phl-dfa-nypcg-sirv","short_name":"Special Investor's Resident Visa (SIRV)"},{"program_id":"phl-srrv","jurisdiction":"PHL","name":"Special Resident Retiree's Visa (SRRV)","kind":"residency","launched":"1985-07-04","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent non-immigrant visa with indefinite stay for foreign retirees (and former Filipinos) who place a visa deposit with a PRA-accredited bank, run by the Philippine Retirement Authority (PRA), a government corporation created by Executive Order 1037 (4 July 1985; launch date is the day the order was signed, as the order itself and its effective date are not in the stored documents), placed under the Board of Investments in 2001 (EO 26) and attached to the Department of Tourism by the Tourism Act of 2009 (RA 9593). Options: SMILE (deposit kept in the bank), Classic (deposit can be converted into a condo purchase or long lease), Human Touch (ailing retirees), Courtesy (former Filipinos, retired diplomats). Deposits were cut in May 2006; since August 2025 the 'Expanded SRRV' sets minimum age 40 and deposits of US$15,000-50,000 depending on age and pension. The deposit is refunded when the retiree leaves the programme. No path to citizenship is part of the scheme.","source_ids":"phl-pra-ar-2016;phl-pra-ar-2019;phl-pra-ar-2025;phl-pra-expanded-srrv-2025","short_name":"Retiree visa (SRRV)"},{"program_id":"prt-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"PRT","name":"Portugal Golden Visa (Autorização de Residência para Atividade de Investimento, ARI)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-10-08","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence permit for investment under art. 90-A of the Foreigners Act (Law 23/2007), created by Law 29/2012. Temporary permit (now two years, renewable for two-year periods) without a residence visa; minimum stay 7 days in the first year and 14 days in each later two-year period; family reunification. Routes over time: capital transfer (EUR 1m, then EUR 1.5m), job creation (30, then 10 jobs), real estate (EUR 500k), rehabilitation property (EUR 350k), research (EUR 350k, then 500k), culture (EUR 250k), funds (EUR 500k/350k/500k) and company capital with jobs (EUR 350k, then 500k). Residential property limited to the interior and islands from 2022; real estate and capital transfer closed to new applications by Law 56/2023 (Mais Habitação) from 7 Oct 2023. Run by SEF until 28 Oct 2023, then AIMA. Path to citizenship: naturalisation after 6 years of legal residence (2012-2018), 5 years (from 6 Jul 2018; from 1 Apr 2024 counted from the permit application), and from 19 May 2026 10 years (7 for CPLP/EU nationals), with pending applications kept under the old law. 12,718 investor permits and 20,424 family permits were granted under SEF (Oct 2012-Sep 2023), with EUR 7.32bn of reported investment.","source_ids":"prt-dr-1-2024;prt-law-29-2012;prt-law-56-2023;prt-lo-1-2026;prt-lo-2-2006;prt-port-208-2017;prt-sef-ari-map-2012-2023-09","short_name":"Golden visa"},{"program_id":"pry-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"PRY","name":"Paraguay permanent residence as investor via SUACE (Ley 6984/2022 'De Migraciones'; Constancia de Inversionista Extranjero, Ley 4986/2013; 'Paraguay Investor Pass' since 2026)","kind":"residency","launched":"1996-11-08","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"A foreigner who obtains the Ministry of Industry and Commerce's foreign-investor certificate through the SUACE single window can apply directly for permanent residence (investor category) under Ley 6984/2022, valid 10 years and renewable. Until April 2026 the certificate required a USD 70,000 investment within two years and 5 formal jobs; Resolución MIC 0283/2026 (branded Paraguay Investor Pass) added financial instruments (USD 200,000, held two years), real estate for economic use (USD 200,000) and tourism (USD 150,000). Launched 1996-11-08: Ley 978/1996 (date as promulgated; no separate in-force date read) admits investors as permanent residents, amounts left to the regulation; Ley 6984/2022 (18 Oct 2022) lets SUACE-certified investors go straight to permanent residence.","source_ids":"pry-mic-investor-pass-launch-2026-04;pry-mic-res-283-2026-news;pry-mic-suace-guia-inversionistas-2025","short_name":"Paraguay permanent residence as investor via SUACE (Ley 6984/2022 'De Migraciones'; Constancia de Inversionista Extranjero, Ley 4986/2013; 'Paraguay Investor Pass' since 2026)"},{"program_id":"qat-permanent-residence","jurisdiction":"QAT","name":"Permanent Residence Card (Law No. 10 of 2018)","kind":"residency","launched":"2018-10-21","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Not an investment programme: permanent residence after 20 years' legal residence (10 if born in Qatar), with income, good conduct and Arabic, plus listed categories (children and husbands of Qatari women, people with special services or qualifications). At most 100 people a year (Art. 4, per GLMM abstract). Holders are treated like citizens in state health and education and can own property and do some business without a Qatari partner. Included because the property route above grants 'permanent residency benefits' without the card. Law text not downloaded (Al Meezan blocked). No count of cards found.","source_ids":"qat-almeezan-law-10-2018;qat-glmm-law-10-2018","short_name":"Permanent Residence Card"},{"program_id":"qat-property-residence","jurisdiction":"QAT","name":"Real estate residency for non-Qatari property owners (الإقامة العقارية)","kind":"residency","launched":"2020-10","legal_basis":"2018","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Under Law No. 16 of 2018 on non-Qatari ownership and use of real estate and Cabinet Decision No. 28 of 2020 (reported as recently issued in mid-October 2020; launch month is the press report's, because the decision's date and in-force date are not in the stored documents), a non-Qatari buying property worth at least QAR 730,000 in the designated areas gets residence for self and family without a sponsor for as long as the property is owned; from QAR 3,650,000 the owner also gets permanent-residency benefits (health, education, some business activities). Minimum stay of 90 days a year for certain categories (US State Department). Not a route to the permanent residence card or citizenship. Law texts not downloaded (Al Meezan blocked). No official count of permits found.","source_ids":"qat-aqarat-own-real-estate;qat-tourism-nonqatari-ownership-manual;qat-usstate-ics-2025","short_name":"Residency for property owners"},{"program_id":"rus-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"RUS","name":"Russia residence permit for foreign investors without a temporary residence permit (Federal Law 115-FZ art. 8(2)(17); Government Decree No. 2573 of 31.12.2022)","kind":"residency","launched":"2023-01-11","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Government Decree No. 2573 of 31 December 2022 (in force 11 January 2023) sets four alternative criteria under which a foreign investor gets a residence permit (вид на жительство) without first holding a temporary residence permit: RUB 15 million invested in socially significant regional projects in the 3 preceding years; a company founded by the applicant (sole participant) that has operated 2 years and pays at least RUB 4 million a year in taxes and contributions; RUB 30 million invested in a Russian company operating at least 3 years that paid at least RUB 6 million in taxes; or new-build real estate with total cadastral value of at least RUB 50 million (Moscow), 20 million (Far Eastern Federal District) or 25 million (elsewhere) held for one year. The decree implements subparagraph 17 of para 2 of art. 8 of Federal Law 115-FZ; when that subparagraph was added was not established, so legal_basis is empty. No official counts found.","source_ids":"rus-gov-decree-2573-2022","short_name":"Russia residence permit for foreign investors without a temporary residence permit (Federal Law 115-FZ art. 8(2)(17); Government Decree No. 2573 of 31.12.2022)"},{"program_id":"sau-premium-residency","jurisdiction":"SAU","name":"Premium Residency (الإقامة المميزة; 'privileged iqama')","kind":"residency","launched":"2019-05-15","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Residence without a Saudi sponsor, created by the Premium Residency Law (Royal Decree M/106 of 10/9/1440H, about 15 May 2019; launch date is the decree's date: the law enters into force the day after its publication in the Official Gazette, and that publication date is not in the stored documents) and run by the Premium Residency Center. From 2019 two paid types: permanent for a one-time SAR 800,000 and fixed-term renewable for SAR 100,000 a year (fee-based, no investment required). Amended by Royal Decree M/84 of 11/6/1445H (published 10 Jan 2024): products and fees now set by the Council of Economic and Development Affairs; minimum age 21 removed. Five products added on 10 Jan 2024, including business investor (SAR 7 million invested over two years plus 10 jobs, permanent) and property owner (unmortgaged developed residential property worth at least SAR 4 million), each with a SAR 4,000 fee. Citizenship: the 2019 law said premium residency gave no right to Saudi citizenship (Art. 11(2)); the 2024 amendment repealed that sentence, but no path to naturalisation through premium residency is set out in the law. Official numbers are press statements and a figure attributed to the National Transformation Program.","source_ids":"sau-misa-premium-residency-law-en-2024;sau-spa-prc-five-products-2024;sau-uqn-prl-amendment-2024","short_name":"Premium Residency"},{"program_id":"sgp-fis","jurisdiction":"SGP","name":"Financial Investor Scheme (FIS)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004","legal_basis":"","ended":"2012-04-15","status":"closed","notes":"Separate investor permanent-residence scheme. 1,080 investors granted PR from 2004 to 2012; 194 applications rejected. Ceased 15 Apr 2012. Investment terms not found in official sources read (an MP said in 2012 that MAS had withdrawn it). Launch year taken from the period in the parliamentary answer ('From 2004 to 2012'), not confirmed.","source_ids":"sgp-parl-wa-fis-2012","short_name":"Financial Investor Scheme"},{"program_id":"sgp-gip","jurisdiction":"SGP","name":"Global Investor Programme (GIP)","kind":"residency","launched":"2004","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence (not citizenship) for business owners and investors, run by Contact Singapore, a division of the Economic Development Board (EDB); approvals issued by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority. No law establishing the scheme was found; it is run administratively. MTI dates it to 2004, though a 2005 ministerial statement refers to GIP rules changed in 1996. Applicants must first meet business track-record tests (e.g. company turnover of S$200m now) or, for family-office principals, S$200m in net investible assets; then invest under Option A (business, S$10m since 15 Mar 2023), B (GIP-select fund, S$25m) or C (single family office, AUM S$200m with S$50m deployed in Singapore, since Feb 2025 in listed equities). PR comes with a 5-year re-entry permit renewed only if business, jobs and residence conditions are met. Citizenship is not part of the scheme: GIP PRs may apply for it through the normal process (67 of 1,826 had by June 2017). Separate from the MAS 13O/13U family-office tax incentives, which give no residence rights.","source_ids":"sgp-edb-gip-factsheet-2025;sgp-edb-gip-mr-2023;sgp-parl-ms-property-2005;sgp-parl-wa-gip-2017;sgp-parl-wa-sfo-2023","short_name":"Global Investor Programme"},{"program_id":"smr-residenza-elettiva","jurisdiction":"SMR","name":"San Marino elective residence (residenza elettiva, Law 118/2010 art. 16-bis)","kind":"residency","launched":"2017-08-07","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The Congress of State may grant 'elective residence' to a foreigner who makes and keeps in his or her own name, until the residence is consolidated, one or both of: buying a home for at least EUR 500,000 (up to EUR 150,000 of completion, renovation or rebuilding costs may count) or a 10-year non-interest-bearing tied deposit of at least EUR 600,000 in San Marino state securities or a fund set up by the state. The deposit route also carries a non-refundable tax of EUR 10,000; every application pays EUR 1,000; each family member added pays EUR 20,000 once. Holders may not work in the public sector, get no residence-linked benefits and must insure their own health care until the residence is consolidated after ten years. At most 50 grants a year (excluding family members). Introduced by art. 19 of Law 94 of 7 August 2017 (in force on the fifth day after legal publication; the publication date is not printed, so launched is the law's date). The 2017 text limited the property route to buildings completed, unfinished or to be renovated before 31 May 2017; Law 183 of 29 October 2021 removed that date. The flat-tax residence for people with foreign income (art. 16-ter) and the pensioners' residence (art. 16-quater, income and bank assets) are income-based and out of scope (decision 15). No counts of elective residences were found (the Foreign Secretary reports to a Council commission; those reports were not searched).","source_ids":"smr-cgg-legge-118-2010-tc-2025;smr-cgg-legge-94-2017","short_name":"San Marino elective residence (residenza elettiva, Law 118/2010 art. 16-bis)"},{"program_id":"syc-eden-island-residence","jurisdiction":"SYC","name":"Seychelles Residence Permit - Eden Island Scheme","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"A residence permit category for buyers of property in the Eden Island development, listed in the Immigration Department's fee schedule (SCR 150,000 for 5 years including spouse and children). No official minimum price, legal basis or start date was found: the Immigration Regulations' fee schedule (S.I. 12 of 1981, as amended) and any agreement or regulation creating the scheme were not obtained (SeyLII refuses automated access; the government's 2007-2008 residence-permit page lists only the general discretionary permit). Industry sources cite USD 500,000 for property-linked residence permits generally, which was not confirmed officially. The ordinary residence permit is discretionary (family connection or 'special contribution' to Seychelles) and does not allow work.","source_ids":"syc-ics-fees-2020;syc-ics-web-residence-permit-2026","short_name":"Eden Island residence permit"},{"program_id":"syc-investor-pr","jurisdiction":"SYC","name":"Seychelles Permanent Residence Permit for investors","kind":"residency","launched":"2013-11","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permanent residence for a non-Seychellois who has invested the equivalent of at least USD 1 million in a Seychelles business and has lived there legally for 1 year, or has 5 years' business association with Seychelles. Holders can work without a Gainful Occupation Permit and pay 50% of the sanction fee for buying property. Introduced by 2013 amendments to the Citizenship Act and Immigration Decree (texts not obtained; 'launched' is the month of the Department's guide). Permit fee SCR 150,000. Citizenship for investors needs 11 years' aggregate residence (see syc-investor-citizenship). No counts found.","source_ids":"syc-ics-fees-2020;syc-ics-pr-guideline-2013;syc-ics-quickguide-2013","short_name":"Permanent residence for investors"},{"program_id":"tca-home-owner-permit","jurisdiction":"TCA","name":"Turks and Caicos Islands Home Owner's Permit (Immigration Regulations regs 33-37)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Permit for owners of a home worth at least US$300,000 (reg 33(3)), valid 5 years (reg 34(2)), fee US$1,500 (Schedule 7). Separate from the investor residence permit (reg 24, condition B). The current Ordinance and Regulations came into force on 1 April 2016; the Ordinance repealed and re-enacted an earlier one, which was not read, so the launch is left empty. Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the Border Control website lists Home Owners among the residence permit categories it issues, its FAQ gives a processing time of up to six weeks for the Home Owner category, the current application form has a Home Owner box, and no repeal or suspension was found. No counts found.","source_ids":"tca-bc-faqs-2026;tca-bc-residence-permit-form;tca-bc-services-2026;tca-imm-ord-rev-2021","short_name":"Turks and Caicos Islands Home Owner's Permit (Immigration Regulations regs 33-37)"},{"program_id":"tca-investor-residence-permit","jurisdiction":"TCA","name":"Turks and Caicos Islands Residence Permit for investors (condition B, Immigration Regulations reg 24)","kind":"residency","launched":"2012-08-13","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Temporary residence permit (up to 10 years, renewable, per the 2012 announcement) for investors of US$500,000 in a business or home on Providenciales or West Caicos, or US$250,000 on Grand Turk, Salt Cay, South Caicos, Middle Caicos or North Caicos; no work beyond overseeing the investment. Holding a residence permit for 10+ years is itself a route to a PRC. Fee US$1,500.","source_ids":"tca-imm-ord-rev-2021;tca-rtc-imm-law-2012","short_name":"Investor residence permit"},{"program_id":"tca-prc-investment","jurisdiction":"TCA","name":"Turks and Caicos Islands Permanent Residence Certificate by investment (investor routes, Immigration Regulations reg 13(2)(f)-(h),(k))","kind":"residency","launched":"2013","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Under the Immigration Ordinance (Cap. 5.01, Ordinance 19 of 2015) and Immigration Regulations (L.N. 28/2016 as amended). Investor PRCs existed before 2012 (the 2009 Auld inquiry recorded complaints of grants for bribes); a moratorium and 2012 reform left only a 10-year investor residence permit, and an investor PRC route was reintroduced in 2013. Routes: home of US$1m (US$300,000 on Grand Turk and family islands), business of US$1.5m (US$750,000) employing at least 60% non-work-permit holders, US$1m contribution to a designated public project, or US$1m in a home or business. US$25,000 fee. Investment must be kept 5 years (since June 2018). The Governor must set a quota; none was found published. PRC does not give British Overseas Territories citizenship. No official counts found.","source_ids":"tca-dcn-prc-investment-process;tca-imm-ord-rev-2021;tca-misick-prc-2013;tca-rtc-imm-law-2012","short_name":"Permanent residence by investment"},{"program_id":"tha-ltr-wgc","jurisdiction":"THA","name":"Long-Term Resident (LTR) visa - Wealthy Global Citizens category","kind":"residency","launched":"2022-09-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Ten-year renewable visa run by the Board of Investment, open since 1 September 2022, in four categories; only 'Wealthy Global Citizens' requires an investment: US$500,000 in Thai government bonds, Thai companies or Thai property, plus US$1m in assets and health insurance. Visa fee 50,000 baht per person. No route to permanent residence or citizenship is part of the scheme. The text creating the visa (Cabinet resolution and implementing announcements) is not stored: 'launched' is the day applications opened, as stated by the Board of Investment, not the founding text's in-force date.","source_ids":"tha-boi-ltr-brochure-2025;tha-boi-ltr-site-2026","short_name":"Long-Term Resident visa (wealthy citizens)"},{"program_id":"tha-privilege","jurisdiction":"THA","name":"Thailand Privilege Card (Thailand Elite until 2023)","kind":"residency","launched":"2003-07-29","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Paid membership sold by Thailand Privilege Card Co. (formerly Thailand Elite Card Co.), a state enterprise owned by the Tourism Authority of Thailand, that comes with a long-stay 'privilege entry' visa for the membership period plus concierge services. It is a fee, not an investment that can be recovered. Packages before October 2023 (Thailand Elite) are discontinued; since then Gold (900,000 baht, 5 years), Platinum (1.5m, 10 years), Diamond (2.5m, 15 years), Reserve (5m, 20 years) and Bronze (650,000 baht, 5 years). No route to permanent residence or citizenship. 'launched' is the date of the Cabinet resolution (29 July 2003) that set up the company to run the membership card project, per the company's 2025 annual report; the resolution states no separate in-force date, and the date the first cards were sold is not in a stored document.","source_ids":"tha-tpc-dc-newmembers-fy2568;tha-tpc-old-packages-2026;tha-tpc-packages-2025","short_name":"Thailand Privilege Card"},{"program_id":"tur-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"TUR","name":"Turkey short-term residence permit for investors (Law 6458, art. 31(1)(j))","kind":"residency","launched":"2016-08-13","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"In scope under METHODOLOGY 15: an investor route whose amount is left to a later decision is in scope, amount unset. Law 6735 art. 27 added art. 31(1)(j): foreigners who do not work in Turkey but invest in the scope and amount set by the President (Council of Ministers until KHK 703, 9 Jul 2018), with spouse and minor or dependent children; permits up to five years at a time (art. 31(5)). In force 13 Aug 2016 per the law's list of amending acts. The presidential scope and amount are not stored.","source_ids":"tur-mevzuat-law6458-consol","short_name":"Turkey short-term residence permit for investors (Law 6458, art. 31(1)(j))"},{"program_id":"tur-property-residence","jurisdiction":"TUR","name":"Turkey short-term residence permit for owners of real property (Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu 6458, art. 31(1)(b))","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"In scope under METHODOLOGY 15: buying property is in scope even without a minimum price. Law 6458 (adopted 4 Apr 2013, published 11 Apr 2013; residence provisions in force one year after publication, art. 125(1)(b)) lists foreigners who own real property in Turkey among those who may get a short-term residence permit, issued for at most two years at a time (art. 31(2)). Since Law 7533 (in force 30 Nov 2024) the Ministry sets the qualities and value of the property (art. 31(6)); that ministerial threshold is not stored. Whether the earlier residence law (Law 5683) already had a property ground was not checked, so launched is left empty. Separate from citizenship by investment (tur-cbi).","source_ids":"tur-mevzuat-law6458-consol;tur-mevzuat-yonetmelik-21460","short_name":"Turkey short-term residence permit for owners of real property (Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu 6458, art. 31(1)(b))"},{"program_id":"twn-apr-investment","jurisdiction":"TWN","name":"Taiwan permanent residence for foreign investment immigrants (入出國及移民法 第25條第4項; Alien Permanent Resident Certificate / Plum Blossom Card)","kind":"residency","launched":"2008-08-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Article 25(4) of the Immigration Act lets foreigners apply to the National Immigration Agency for 'investment immigration'; once approved and the investment is made, permanent residence is granted directly, without the usual five years' prior residence. NIA guidelines set the thresholds: more than NT$15 million in a profitable business creating jobs for at least five ROC nationals for three years, or more than NT$30 million in central government bonds held three years. Spouses and children under 18 may apply with the investor. Permanent residence is not citizenship; naturalisation is a separate process. No official count of investment-immigration grants was found, Launched 2008-08-01: the revised Immigration Act (promulgated 26 Dec 2007) came into force on 1 Aug 2008 (from the Ministry of Justice's legislative history).","source_ids":"twn-moj-immigration-act-2023;twn-nia-apr-investment-guidelines-2024","short_name":"Permanent residence by investment"},{"program_id":"twn-hkmo-investment-residence","jurisdiction":"TWN","name":"Taiwan residence for Hong Kong and Macao residents through investment (香港澳門居民進入臺灣地區及居留定居許可辦法 第16條第1項第5款)","kind":"residency","launched":"1999-05-31","legal_basis":"1997-07-01","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Under Article 16(1)(5) of the Ministry of the Interior's regulations for Hong Kong and Macao residents (first issued 30 June 1997), a Hong Kong or Macao resident who invests NT$6 million or more in Taiwan, approved by the central competent authority, may apply for residence. Under Article 29 a resident may apply for settlement (registered permanent residence, i.e. a Taiwan household registration and ROC citizenship rights) after one year of continuous residence, or two years with at least 270 days a year, while still meeting the original conditions. Applicants who were formerly Mainland residents or who worked for Mainland party, state or military bodies may be refused (Article 22). Start: launched is 31 May 1999, the date of the full revision of the regulations (Ministry of the Interior order (88) 台內警字第 8871358 號) whose text is the earliest found with an investment ground (NT$5 million, art. 16(1)(5), plus a NT$5 million one-year deposit, art. 16(1)(6)); this date is inferred from the amendment history, since art. 16 was not amended between that revision and the 6 Aug 2001 text that is stored, and no separate in-force date is printed. The original regulations of 30 June 1997 are not in the Ministry of Justice database (historical texts start in April 2001) and were not found elsewhere, so the investment ground may be older. legal_basis is 1 July 1997, when the Hong Kong provisions of the Hong Kong and Macao Relations Act took effect; its art. 12 lets Hong Kong and Macao residents apply for residence or settlement under Ministry regulations but sets no investment ground (Macao provisions in force 20 Dec 1999). Threshold raised to NT$6 million on 10 June 2014. Status active: the current regulations (amended 13 June 2022) keep the ground. No official count of residence or settlement permits granted on the investment ground was found; the Mainland Affairs Council publishes only totals of Hong Kong residents granted residence and settlement for all reasons.","source_ids":"twn-mac-hkmo-relations-act-2022;twn-mac-hkmo-relations-act-history-2026;twn-moi-hkmo-residence-regs-2001;twn-moi-hkmo-residence-regs-2014;twn-moi-hkmo-residence-regs-2022;twn-moi-hkmo-residence-regs-history-2026;twn-nia-hkmo-residence-regs-en-2018","short_name":"Hong Kong and Macao investor residence"},{"program_id":"twn-investor-residence","jurisdiction":"TWN","name":"Taiwan alien resident certificate for foreign investors (入出國及移民法 第23條第1項第4款)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"The Immigration Act (2007 revision, in force 2008-08-01) gives residence to a foreign investor or the representative of a foreign corporate investor whose investment above a set amount is approved or recorded; the amount is left to regulations (not stored). Launch not settled: the 1999 Act was not checked for this ground.","source_ids":"twn-moj-immigration-act-2007","short_name":"Taiwan alien resident certificate for foreign investors (入出國及移民法 第23條第1項第4款)"},{"program_id":"twn-nwohr-investment-residence","jurisdiction":"TWN","name":"Taiwan residence and settlement for nationals without household registration through investment (入出國及移民法 第9條第1項第6款)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"ROC nationals without household registration in Taiwan (mainly overseas Chinese) may get residence for an investment above a set amount, then settlement (household registration) after 1 year continuous, 2 years with 270 days a year or 5 years with 183 days a year. Amount left to regulations (not stored). Launch not settled.","source_ids":"twn-moj-immigration-act-2007","short_name":"Taiwan residence and settlement for nationals without household registration through investment (入出國及移民法 第9條第1項第6款)"},{"program_id":"ukr-immigration-investor","jurisdiction":"UKR","name":"Ukraine immigration permit for foreign investors (Закон «Про імміграцію» 2001, ст. 4 ч. 2 п. 3: investment of at least USD 100,000, within the immigration quota)","kind":"residency","launched":"2001-08-07","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The Law on Immigration (No. 2491-III, adopted 7 June 2001) lists, among the categories that may receive an immigration permit (permanent residence) within the yearly immigration quota, persons who made a foreign investment in Ukraine's economy in convertible currency of at least USD 100,000. The clause is in the first edition and in the current text (reworded in 2016 and 2023). Launched = entry into force 07.08.2001 per the Rada's document card (the law enters into force one month after publication; first published 07.07.2001). Until 2023 the Cabinet set a yearly immigration quota; the quota orders for 2022 and 2023 put no limit on the investor category (\"без обмеження\"), and none has been issued for 2024-2026. Since Law 3180-IX (in force 20 October 2023) a quota is set only in case of mass arrival. Status active (checked 2026-10-11): the investor clause is in the current law and no act suspending immigration permits under martial law was found; the number of permits granted to investors was not found.","source_ids":"ukr-kmu-quota-2022;ukr-kmu-quota-2023;ukr-rada-immigration-law-2001;ukr-rada-immigration-law-card;ukr-rada-immigration-law-consol;ukr-rada-law-3180-ix-2023;ukr-rada-law-3180-ix-card;ukr-rada-quota-search-2026","short_name":"Ukraine immigration permit for foreign investors (Закон «Про імміграцію» 2001, ст. 4 ч. 2 п. 3: investment of at least USD 100,000, within the immigration quota)"},{"program_id":"usa-eb5","jurisdiction":"USA","name":"EB-5 Immigrant Investor Program (employment-based fifth preference, INA 203(b)(5)), including the Regional Center Program","kind":"residency","launched":"1991-10-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Created by sec. 121 of the Immigration Act of 1990 (signed 29 Nov 1990; preference system in force from 1 Oct 1991, FY1992). Investors who invest the minimum in a new commercial enterprise creating 10 full-time jobs get two-year conditional permanent residence (green card) for themselves, spouse and children under 21, then file Form I-829 to remove conditions. Naturalisation is possible after five years of permanent residence (8 U.S.C. 1427). Regional Center Program added as a pilot in 1992 (sec. 610, Pub. L. 102-395), repeatedly extended, lapsed 1 July 2021-14 March 2022, reauthorised by the EB-5 Reform and Integrity Act of 2022 (Pub. L. 117-103, div. BB) in force from 14 May 2022 through 30 Sep 2027; regional-center petitions filed by 30 Sep 2026 are protected if the program lapses. Annual quota about 7.1% of employment-based visas (10,000 in the 1990 Act), with 20% rural, 10% high-unemployment and 2% infrastructure set-asides since 2022. First automatic inflation adjustment of the minimum investment due for petitions filed from 1 Jan 2027 (amount not yet published as of 2 Oct 2026). Run by USCIS (Immigrant Investor Program Office); visas allocated by the State Department.","source_ids":"usa-law-pl101-649-1990;usa-law-pl102-395-1992;usa-law-pl117-103-2022;usa-uscode-8-1427-2023","short_name":"Investor visa (EB-5)"},{"program_id":"usa-gold-card","jurisdiction":"USA","name":"Gold Card programme ('Trump Gold Card'), Executive Order 14351","kind":"residency","launched":"2025-09-19","legal_basis":"1990-11-29","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Established by Executive Order 14351 (19 Sep 2025), not by statute: an unrestricted gift to the Department of Commerce (USD 1 million for an individual, USD 2 million from a corporation for an employee) is treated as evidence for existing EB-1 (extraordinary ability) or EB-2 (exceptional ability / national-interest waiver) immigrant classifications, with expedited processing. Applicants register and pay on trumpcard.gov (Department of Commerce), then file Form I-140G online with USCIS (fee USD 15,000 per person); the gift is paid after vetting. Leads to ordinary permanent residence (not conditional), so naturalisation after five years under 8 U.S.C. 1427. The order asks agencies to consider extending it to EB-5. No official figures on applications, approvals or money received were found. The 'Trump Platinum Card' (USD 5 million) is only announced on trumpcard.gov ('Coming Soon'); no legal act creating it was found. Statutory basis and visa-number limits remain those of EB-1/EB-2.","source_ids":"usa-doc-trumpcard-web-2026;usa-fr-eo-14351-2025;usa-uscis-web-i140g-2025","short_name":"Gold Card"},{"program_id":"uzb-golden-visa","jurisdiction":"UZB","name":"Uzbekistan 'golden visa': five-year residence permit for a USD 250,000 payment (Presidential Decree PF-67 of 18 April 2025, para. 26)","kind":"residency","launched":"2025-06-01","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"","notes":"From 1 June 2025 foreign citizens and stateless persons can get a five-year Uzbek residence permit (яшаш гувоҳномаси, вид на жительство) in a simplified procedure in return for payments of USD 250,000 for the applicant and USD 150,000 for each family member (spouse, child, parent), without buying property (Presidential Decree PF-67 of 18 April 2025, para. 26). launched is 1 June 2025, the date para. 26 itself sets; the decree took effect on signature/publication (para. 29). The Ministry of Justice first announced USD 200,000 and USD 100,000 and corrected this to the decree's amounts (Gazeta.uz, 1 May 2025). Who receives the payment and the application procedure were not found; whether the payment is refundable is not stated in para. 26 (read as a non-refundable payment, тўлов). A 10-year 'Golden visa' for large investors was already announced as a plan in Resolution PP-3836 of 4 July 2018 but no rules were found. Separate from the property-purchase residence permit of Decree UP-5611 (uzb-property-residence). No counts found.","source_ids":"uzb-gazeta-golden-visa-2025-04;uzb-lex-pf67-2025","short_name":"Uzbekistan 'golden visa': five-year residence permit for a USD 250,000 payment (Presidential Decree PF-67 of 18 April 2025, para. 26)"},{"program_id":"uzb-property-residence","jurisdiction":"UZB","name":"Uzbekistan residence permit for foreigners buying real estate (Presidential Decree UP-5611 of 5 January 2019, para 5 and Annex 6)","kind":"residency","launched":"2019-01-06","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Decree UP-5611 (in force 06.01.2019) gives citizens of the countries listed in its Annex 6 the right to a residence permit on purchase of real estate worth at least USD 400,000 in Tashkent city and region, USD 200,000 in Samarkand, Bukhara, Namangan, Andijan, Fergana and Khorezm regions, and USD 100,000 in Karakalpakstan and other regions. Decree UP-101 of 8 April 2022 cut the Tashkent threshold to USD 300,000. A separate 2025 'golden visa' (reported USD 250,000 investment) and a 2019 investor residence rule were not confirmed from primary texts (see leads). No official counts found.","source_ids":"uzb-lex-up5611-2019;uzb-lex-up5611-consol","short_name":"Uzbekistan residence permit for foreigners buying real estate (Presidential Decree UP-5611 of 5 January 2019, para 5 and Annex 6)"},{"program_id":"vnm-investor-visa","jurisdiction":"VNM","name":"Viet Nam investor visas and temporary residence cards ĐT1-ĐT3 (Law 47/2014/QH13 as amended by Law 51/2019/QH14, art. 8(7a)-(7c), arts. 9, 38)","kind":"residency","launched":"2020-07-01","legal_basis":"2015-01-01","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"Since 1 Jul 2020 (Law 51/2019/QH14) foreign investors are classed by capital contributed: ĐT1 VND 100 billion or more (or priority sectors/areas set by the Government) with a temporary residence card of up to 10 years; ĐT2 VND 50-100 billion (or encouraged sectors) up to 5 years; ĐT3 VND 3-50 billion up to 3 years; ĐT4 under VND 3 billion (visa only, no minimum). Before, Law 47/2014/QH13 (in force 1 Jan 2015, legal_basis) had a single investor visa class without amounts (original text not stored; stated in the consolidated text's footnotes only as the amended items). Included under decision 15 as business residence with stated minimum amounts; ĐT4 has none. No route to permanent residence through investment in this law. No official counts by class found.","source_ids":"vnm-congbao-27-vbhn-vpqh-2019","short_name":"Viet Nam investor visas and temporary residence cards ĐT1-ĐT3 (Law 47/2014/QH13 as amended by Law 51/2019/QH14, art. 8(7a)-(7c), arts. 9, 38)"},{"program_id":"vut-hkpr","jurisdiction":"VUT","name":"Hong Kong Permanent Residency (HKPR) Visa Program","kind":"residency","launched":"2011-09","legal_basis":"","ended":"2015","status":"closed","notes":"Residence (not citizenship) for mainland Chinese investors seeking Hong Kong permanent residency via Hong Kong's Capital Investment Entrant Scheme: investment of at least 300,000 vatu in a Vanuatu company through a Hong Kong agent, 10-year visa. About 1,500 investors; suspended after Hong Kong suspended its scheme in January 2015 (IMF). No path to citizenship stated.","source_ids":"vut-imf-art4-2015","short_name":"Hong Kong Permanent Residency visa"},{"program_id":"zaf-business-visa-investor","jurisdiction":"ZAF","name":"South Africa business visa (formerly business permit) and permanent residence for business investors (Immigration Act 13 of 2002, ss. 15 and 27(c))","kind":"residency","launched":"2003-03-12","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"A foreigner who establishes or invests in a business in South Africa and invests the prescribed financial or capital contribution gets a business visa (permit until the 2011 amendments) for himself and his immediate family; s. 27(c) gives permanent residence on the same basis. The contribution is R5 000 000 in cash (or cash plus new machinery), certified by an accountant, with an undertaking that 60% of staff will be South African; it can be reduced or waived for businesses in the national interest. Launched 2003-03-12: commencement of the Immigration Act 13 of 2002, from the gov.za portal's record (the proclamation itself was refused, 403); its Gazette publication (31 May 2002) is kept as a 'legal' event. Business and investor permits under the earlier Aliens Control Act 1991 were not researched. The 2014 ministerial notice setting R5 million and any earlier amount were not stored. Not in scope: the s. 27(f) financially independent permanent residence (net worth, not an investment). No official counts found.","source_ids":"zaf-act-13-2002-immigration;zaf-dirco-business-visa","short_name":"South Africa business visa (formerly business permit) and permanent residence for business investors (Immigration Act 13 of 2002, ss. 15 and 27(c))"},{"program_id":"zmb-investor-permit","jurisdiction":"ZMB","name":"Zambia investor's permit (Immigration and Deportation Act 2010 s. 29; Zambia Development Agency Act 2006 s. 65)","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"A foreigner who invests the prescribed financial or capital contribution in a business (or holds a ZDA investment licence, or joins an existing business with a ZDA clearance letter) can get an investor's permit (Immigration and Deportation Act 2010 s. 29, in force 17 Sep 2010); after more than three years on it he may get a residence permit (permanent residence). The Act leaves the amount to be prescribed; the Department of Immigration's current permit page (and its 2017 guide) requires proof of personal investment of US$250,000 for a new business and US$150,000 to join an existing company. No regulation setting these amounts was found. Fees: issuance 40,000 fee units under SI 113 of 2021 (from 1 Jan 2022); ZMW 16,000 issuance and ZMW 20,000 renewal since 19 Aug 2024. Status active: the department's current pages list the permit with its requirements and fees, and ZambiaLII (capture of 4 Nov 2025) shows the 2010 Act as amended in 2016 as the latest version. The separate entitlement in the ZDA Act 2006 s. 65(1) (an investor of at least USD 250,000 employing a minimum of two hundred persons, as printed, entitled to a self-employment or residence permit) ended when the Zambia Development Agency Act 2022 (Act 17, s. 23) repealed the 2006 Act with effect from 13 Jan 2023; the Investment, Trade and Business Development Act 2022, which took over investment licensing from the same date, has no immigration provision. 'launched' left empty: the ZDA Act 2006's commencement instrument is not stored (19 May 2006, the date under its long title, is kept as a 'legal' event), and the earlier Investment Act 1993 (Cap. 385, repealed by the ZDA Act 2006) and the Immigration and Deportation Act 1965 were not read, so the first text tying an investment to residence is not established. No official counts found.","source_ids":"zmb-act-11-2006-zda;zmb-act-17-2022-zda;zmb-act-18-2010-immigration;zmb-act-18-2022-itbd;zmb-doi-fees-2026;zmb-doi-fees-notice-2024;zmb-doi-permit-types-2026;zmb-doi-permits-guide-2017;zmb-si-113-2021-immigration-fees;zmb-zambialii-immigration-act-2025","short_name":"Zambia investor's permit (Immigration and Deportation Act 2010 s. 29; Zambia Development Agency Act 2006 s. 65)"},{"program_id":"zwe-investor-residence-permit","jurisdiction":"ZWE","name":"Zimbabwe Investor Residence Permit","kind":"residency","launched":"","legal_basis":"","ended":"","status":"active","notes":"The Department of Immigration issues an Investor Residence Permit on a project proposal, banking history and proof of funds available for transfer. Investment thresholds come only from a 2012 Herald article citing Zimbabwe Investment Authority procedures (US$1 million for permanent residence on application; US$300,000 sole venture or US$100,000 joint venture for a three-year residence permit leading to permanent residence); not confirmed in an official text and possibly outdated. The department's current fees page (modified 12 May 2025) charges US$500 for an investor residence permit application and US$1,000 for an investor permanent residence permit; the permits page asks US$500 plus US$300 per dependant. The Immigration Act (Cap. 4:02, 1979, as on the department's website) contains no investor provision; the investor categories presumably rest on the Immigration Regulations (SI 195 of 1998), which could not be read (ZimLII shows a bot check and no archived copy was found), so the start date is not established. No official counts found.","source_ids":"zwe-herald-investment-residence-guidelines;zwe-immigration-fees-2025;zwe-immigration-investor-residence-permit;zwe-immigration-permits-2025","short_name":"Zimbabwe Investor Residence Permit"}]}