Source document
Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the Report on Investor Citizenship and Residence Schemes in the European Union, SWD(2019) 5 final
Has everything in it been taken?
CompleteReviewed 9 Oct 2026
Reviewed. Everything in it that belongs in the tables has been taken.
What the document holds
Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2019) 5 (23 Jan 2019, 27 pages) accompanying COM(2019) 12, based on the 2018 Milieu study. Part II, investor citizenship (BG, CY, MT): legal bases, institutions (MIIPA set up 29 Mar 2018; CY supervisory committee March 2018, Decision 906/2018 of 21 May 2018, register of service providers July 2018), Table 1 (BG ordinary vs fast-track), Table 2 (investment types and amounts for BG, CY, MT incl. family contributions), residence-permit periods, security and AML checks, caps (CY 700/year, MT 1,800), Malta Gazette naturalisation lists. Part III, investor residence schemes in 21 Member States: adoption years (footnotes 80-81), institutions, investment types, threshold bands, fee bands and named fees, presence rules, permit durations, renewal conditions (RO, LV, EE), checks, AML, and the table of permits granted 2012-2017 per Member State (p. 26-28). Already in the data from this id: all 47 numbers of the permits table plus Malta 263 under consideration (BG, EE, ES, FR, HU, IE, LV, MT, PL, PT, SK, UK; parts checked: no totals printed) and the BG ordinary EUR 500,000 and fast-track EUR 1 million terms. Added here: four further Bulgarian routes from Table 2, the Cypriot family-member residence requirement, named application fees (IE, NL, PT, UK incl. super premium), the Hungarian intermediary commission range (observation), adoption years for six programmes without a launch date, and the MIIPA event. Not added: Malta family contributions (EUR 25,000/50,000/25,000), MRVP rents (EUR 12,000/10,000), MT fee EUR 5,500, Greek EUR 250,000 lease options and UK accelerated-settlement amounts (already recorded from the laws); fee and threshold bands without a per-country amount; renewal requirements of Romania (EUR 50,000 + 10 jobs, EUR 70,000 + 15 jobs: no Romanian programme exists in programs.csv), Latvia tax-payment conditions and Estonia waiver thresholds (conditions, not investment minimums); presence and absence rules without amounts; adoption years for RO, CZ, SK, PL (no programme ids) and for programmes that already have a launch date. Rules restated from other sources are now recorded from this document too (decision 8).
What it supports
136 rows on this site come from this document. Each one opens with the page and the exact words.
Citizenship by investment
Rules and prices (32)
- Business investmentapplicant (ordinary route, art. 12a; Bulgarian commercial company owned at least 50% by the investor)EUR 250,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Business investmentapplicant (fast-track route, art. 14a; alternative to EUR 1 million: at least EUR 500,000 in the capital of a Bulgarian commercial company for a priority investment project)EUR 500,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Investment with a credit institution under a trust agreementapplicant (ordinary route, art. 12a; investment with a licensed credit institution under a trustee agreement)EUR 500,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Investmentapplicant (ordinary route, art. 12a; 5 years of permanent residence)EUR 500,000Until 1 Apr 2022 · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Investmentapplicant (fast-track route, art. 14a; 1 year of permanent residence)EUR 1,000,00019 Feb 2013 – 1 Apr 2022 · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Business investmentapplicant (ordinary route, art. 12a; investment in the capital of a Bulgarian trading company)EUR 3,000,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Qualifying period for citizenshipinvestor under art. 14a (fast track): residence before applying for naturalisation1 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Holding period for the investmentfast track via a Bulgarian company with a Class A, B or priority investment project: investment maintained since the permanent residence permit1 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Qualifying period for citizenshipinvestor under art. 12a (ordinary investor route): residence before applying for naturalisation5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Minimum ageapplicant (both investor citizenship routes)18 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Bulgaria · Citizenship for investors
- Investmentmain applicantEUR 2,000,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Holding period for the investmentreal estate, CySEC-licensed investments or a combination (company route: no period)3 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Prior residence required of company employeescompany route: employees must have resided legally and continuously in Cyprus during the five years before the application5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Time holding a residence permit before naturalisationapplicant: residence permit held before the naturalisation certificate can be issued6 monthsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Maximum age of the criminal record certificatecriminal record report from the country of origin and of residence: maximum age at submission90 daysDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Minimum company employeescompany route: company must employ at least five Cypriots or EU citizens (more if several applicants invest in the same company)5 employeesDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Maximum approvals per yearall applicants (Government decision as of 2018)700 citizenships per yearSince 2018 · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Residence requirementfamily members (except minor children): permanent privately-owned residence, plus VATEUR 500,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Residence requirementmain applicant (plus VAT)EUR 500,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Citizenship by investment programme
- Property rentmain applicant (lease, 5 years)16,000 EUR per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Donationspouse; each child under 18EUR 25,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Donationeach unmarried child aged 18 to 26EUR 50,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Investmentmain applicant (held 5 years)EUR 150,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Property purchasemain applicant (purchase, held 5 years)EUR 350,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Donationmain applicantEUR 650,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Period bank statements must coverbank statements for the account remitting the IIP funds, submitted with Form SSFW3 monthsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Holding period for the investmentinvestment and immovable property (owned or rented)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Residence that triggers a police certificatepolice records required from each country where the applicant resided for more than six months in the last ten years6 monthsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Look-back period for police certificateslook-back period for countries of residence requiring police records10 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Age from which a criminal record certificate is requiredcriminal background checks cover the main applicant and dependants over this age12 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Time holding a residence permit before naturalisatione-Residence card held before the certificate of naturalisation is issued12 monthsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
- Cap on total approved applicantsmain applicants in total (excluding dependants)1,800 successful applicantsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Individual Investor Programme
Residence by investment
41 numbers4 programmes51 rules5 events
Other documents give different figures in 3 cases involving this one. Both are kept.
Numbers (41)
- Investor residence permits issued164 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued143 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued117 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued107 permits2014 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued98 permits2013 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued103 permits2012 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence permits issued68 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued18 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued28 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued35 permits2014 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued54 permits2013 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued61 permits2012 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence permits issued29 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersFrance · Talent passport for investors
- Intermediary fees charged per investorEUR 45,200–58,1002019-01 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersHungary · Residency bond programme
- Investor residence permits issued8,413 permits2013-2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersHungary · Residency bond programme
- Applications received334 applications2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersIreland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Applications received317 applications2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersIreland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Applications received67 applications2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersIreland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Investor residence permits issued161 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Investor residence permits issued692 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Investor residence permits issued1,101 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Investor residence permits issued5,822 permits2014 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Investor residence permits issued4,438 permits2013 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Investor residence permits issued2,890 permits2012 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersLatvia · Investor residence permits
- Applications pending263 applications2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersMalta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Investor residence permits issued83 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersMalta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Investor residence permits issued29 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersMalta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Investor residence permits issued0 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersMalta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Investor residence permits issued1,351 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued1,414 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued766 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued1,526 permits2014 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued494 permits2013 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued2 permits2012 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersPortugal · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued531 permits2013-09-30/2014-12-31 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersSpain · Golden visa
- Investor residence permits issued274 permits2017 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersUnited Kingdom · Tier 1 (Investor) visa
- Investor residence permits issued813 permits2016 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersUnited Kingdom · Tier 1 (Investor) visa
- Investor residence permits issued681 permits2015 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersUnited Kingdom · Tier 1 (Investor) visa
- Investor residence permits issued1,773 permits2014 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersUnited Kingdom · Tier 1 (Investor) visa
- Investor residence permits issued960 permits2013 · European Commission 2019Reported by othersUnited Kingdom · Tier 1 (Investor) visa
Showing 40 of 41. See all 41 in the table
Programmes (4)
Rules and prices (51)
- Maximum time allowed abroadpermit holder: maximum absence from Cyprus before the permit may be withdrawn2 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Cyprus · Golden visa (permanent residence)
- Business investmentcompany shareholder (temporary residence permit for enterprise)EUR 65,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Estonia · Business residence permit
- Residence permit validitytemporary residence permits (incl. for enterprise and for large investors): issued for up to five years; extension for up to ten years at a time5 years (maximum)Date not stated · European Commission 2019Estonia · Business residence permit
- Alternative test: social tax paid for employeesenterprise permit holder, after one year and for extension: monthly social tax paid for employees at least equal to the social tax on remuneration of five times the Estonian annual average gross wage5 times the Estonian annual average gross wage (social tax base, monthly)Date not stated · European Commission 2019Estonia · Business residence permit
- Alternative test: company sales revenueenterprise permit holder, after one year and for extension: company sales revenue instead of the EUR 65,000 holding condition200,000 EUR per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Estonia · Business residence permit
- Residence permit validityinvestor residence permit (as listed by the Commission)4 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019France · Talent passport for investors
- Timeshare agreementmain investor; timeshare agreement (Law 1652/1986) for property worth at least EUR 250,000EUR 250,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Greece · Golden visa
- Long-term lease of tourist accommodationmain investor; lease of at least 10 years of hotel accommodation or furnished tourist residencesEUR 250,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Greece · Golden visa
- Residence permit validityreal estate or positive-impact investment: permit renewed every 5 years (right to reside unlimited)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Greece · Golden visa
- Minimum term of a tourist accommodation leaseminimum term of a lease of hotel accommodation or furnished tourist residences10 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Greece · Golden visa
- Residence permit validityinvestor residence permit (as listed by the Commission)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Hungary · Residency bond programme
- Application feeper applicationEUR 1,800Date not stated · European Commission 2019Ireland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Required physical presenceinvestor: required presence in Ireland1 daysDate not stated · European Commission 2019Ireland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Residence permit validityinvestor permission to reside (as listed by the Commission)2 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Ireland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Time before eligible for permanent residenceinvestor (as listed by the Commission)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Ireland · Immigrant Investor Programme
- Residence permit validityinvestor residence permit (as listed by the Commission)2 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Italy · Investor visa
- Maximum time allowed abroadpermit holder: may not leave Italy for longer than half of the permit's validity50 percent of the permit's validityDate not stated · European Commission 2019Italy · Investor visa
- State budget payment on renewalinvestor renewing a permit (real estate, business and credit-institution routes): one-time paymentEUR 5,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Time before eligible for permanent residenceinvestor (as listed by the Commission)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Residence permit validityinvestor temporary residence permit (as listed by the Commission)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Company taxes paid per month in the first part-year, for renewalrenewal, investor of at least EUR 50,000 in a company: taxes per month in the first incomplete financial year3,000 EUR per monthDate not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Company taxes paid per month in the first part-year, for renewalrenewal, investor of at least EUR 100,000 in a company: taxes per month in the first incomplete financial year8,300 EUR per monthDate not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Company taxes paid in the previous year, for renewalrenewal, investor of at least EUR 50,000 in a company: taxes paid by the company in the previous financial yearEUR 40,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Company taxes paid in the previous year, for renewalrenewal, investor of at least EUR 100,000 in a company: taxes paid by the company in the previous financial yearEUR 100,000Date not stated · European Commission 2019Latvia · Investor residence permits
- Residence permit validitysmall investors (as listed by the Commission)2 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Lithuania · Company investor residence
- Residence permit validitymedium investors (as listed by the Commission)3 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Lithuania · Company investor residence
- Residence permit validityinvestor residence title (as listed by the Commission)3 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Luxembourg · Investor residence permit
- Required physical presenceinvestor: minimum presence in Luxembourg6 months per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Luxembourg · Investor residence permit
- Property rentmain applicant (lease; Gozo or south of Malta)10,000 EUR per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Property rentmain applicant (lease; Malta)12,000 EUR per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Application feeper application (residence scheme fee as listed by the Commission)EUR 5,500Date not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Residence permit validityresidence permit renewal interval (right of residence unlimited)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Malta · Residence and Visa Programme
- Application feeper applicationEUR 5,654Date not stated · European Commission 2019Portugal · Golden visa
- Validity of the first residence permitinitial investor residence permit1 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Portugal · Golden visa
- Time before eligible for permanent residenceinvestor: after three renewals of the initial permit (one year plus three two-year renewals)7 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Portugal · Golden visa
- Required physical presenceinvestor: required presence in Portugal7 days per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Portugal · Golden visa
- Validity of the first residence permitinitial investor residence authorisation2 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Spain · Golden visa
- Time before eligible for permanent residenceinvestor (as listed by the Commission)5 yearsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Spain · Golden visa
- Maximum time allowed abroadforeign investor: maximum absence from Spain each year6 months per yearDate not stated · European Commission 2019Spain · Golden visa
- Provisional permit or certificate validityreal-estate pre-contract with a guaranteed deposit (residence permit)6 monthsDate not stated · European Commission 2019Spain · Golden visa
Showing 40 of 51. See all 51 in the table
Timeline (5)
- Investor residence scheme adopted (year given by the Commission)2016LaunchCyprus · Golden visa (permanent residence)
- Investor residence scheme adopted (year given by the Commission)2016LaunchFrance · Talent passport for investors
- Investor residence scheme adopted (year given by the Commission)2009LaunchEstonia · Business residence permit
- Investor residence scheme adopted (year given by the Commission)2005LaunchBulgaria · Permanent residence for investors
- Investor residence scheme adopted (year given by the Commission)2004LaunchLithuania · Company investor residence
14 more rows from this document are in the source data but not on this site: numbers we would have had to work out ourselves, figures a later correction replaced, or programmes outside these datasets.
About the document
What it covers Bulgaria: ordinary (art. 12a) and fast-track (art. 14a) schemes and their amounts; investor residence permits granted 2012-2017.
Notes Page numbers are PDF page indices. EUR amounts are the Commission's description of thresholds the law sets in leva (BGN).
Source id intl-ec-swd-2019-5 · accessed 2 Oct 2026