Avenues for EU action on citizenship and residence by investment schemes: European added value assessment (PE 694.217)

EPRS European added value assessment PE 694.217 'Avenues for EU action on citizenship and residence by investment schemes' (Oct 2021, 159 pp.): main text (scale of CBI/RBI 2011-2019, shares of naturalisations and first permits, nationalities, motives, key issues, macro-economic shares, Tables 6 and 8, policy options), Annex I (legal analysis) and Annex II by K. Surak (history, global comparisons, size and scale, profiles, vetting, rejections, revocations, Cyprus high-risk cases, macro-economic effects, real-estate shares, Malta NDSF, policy options); recorded in earlier passes. This pass added the figures left for a decision: EU share of global RBI approvals (52% 2015, 36% 2018, 25% 2019) and CBI approvals (9% 2018, 6% 2019), Turkey nearly half of global CBI approvals, PT/ES/EL/LV around 75% of EU RBI approvals and of investment, Cyprus about 33% of EU investment intake in 2019 (proposed indicator share_of_multi_country_total); typical approvals of the most popular EU programmes (1,000-2,000 a year) and leading Caribbean programmes (more than 2,000); the global demand estimates (4.3 million RBI, under 400,000 CBI; proposed indicator); the two EB-5 frauds (USD 150 million and 85 million); the Malta 70/30 NDSF/Consolidated Fund split as rules; the main text's '17% of the revenue' claim for Cypriot real estate and construction (proposed indicator; recorded with the conflict noted: the study elsewhere says the sector is 17% of the economy); 'over EUR 3 billion annually'; the Annex summary's 2019 dating of Malta's 2.1% and Cyprus's 4.5% of GDP; Ireland more than 75% Chinese approvals. Rounded repeats of figures already stored (PT nearly EUR 5bn, ES EUR 2.7bn, EL about EUR 1.9bn through 2019) were not stored twice. The Annex's 'around EUR 1 billion annually' for Malta since 2016 conflicts with 'over EUR 1.2 billion' for 2014-2019 (both stored, flagged). Out of scope: EU-wide naturalisation and permit totals, survey results, tax rates, policy-option assessments, other context figures (share of UHNWIs from emerging economies, French buyers in Portugal, EU anti-fraud measures).